1. Graph Developer's Guide for Property Graph
  2. Using Property Graphs in an Oracle Database Environment

2 Using Property Graphs in an Oracle Database Environment

This chapter provides conceptual and usage information about creating, storing, and working with property graph data in an Oracle Database environment.

2.1 About Property Graphs

Property graphs give you a different way of looking at your data.

You can model your data as a graph by making data entities vertices in the graph, and relationships between them as edges in the graph. For example, in a bank customer accounts can be vertices, and cash transfer relationships between them can be edges.

When you view your data as a graph, you can analyze your data based on the connections and relationships between them. You can run graph analytics algorithms like PageRank to measure the relative importance of data entities based on the relationships between them, for example, links between webpages.

Parent topic: Using Property Graphs in an Oracle Database Environment

2.1.1 What Are Property Graphs?

A property graph consists of a set of objects or vertices, and a set of arrows or edges connecting the objects. Vertices and edges can have multiple properties, which are represented as key-value pairs.

Each vertex has a unique identifier and can have:

  • A set of outgoing edges

  • A set of incoming edges

  • A collection of properties

Each edge has a unique identifier and can have:

  • An outgoing vertex

  • An incoming vertex

  • A text label that describes the relationship between the two vertices

  • A collection of properties

For vertices and edges, each property is identified with a unique name.

The following figure illustrates a very simple property graph with two vertices and one edge. The two vertices have identifiers 1 and 2. Both vertices have properties name and age. The edge is from the outgoing vertex 1 to the incoming vertex 2. The edge has a text label knows and a property type identifying the type of relationship between vertices 1 and 2.

Figure 2-1 Simple Property Graph Example

Description of Figure 2-1 follows
Description of "Figure 2-1 Simple Property Graph Example"

A property graph can have self-edges (that is, an edge whose source and destination vertex are the same), as well as multiple edges between the same source and destination vertices.

A property graph can also have different types of vertices and edges in the same graph. For example a graph can have a set of vertices with label Person and a set of vertices with label Place, with different properties relevant to these two sets of vertices.

The property graph data model is similar to the W3C standards-based Resource Description Framework (RDF) graph data model; however, the property graph data model is simpler and less precise than RDF.

The property graph data model features and analytic APIs make property graphs a good candidate for use cases such as these:

  • Identifying influencers in a social network

  • Predicting trends and customer behavior

  • Discovering relationships based on pattern matching

  • Identifying clusters to customize campaigns

Note:

The property graph data model that Oracle supports at the database side does not allow labels for vertices. However, you can treat the value of a designated vertex property as one or more labels.

Related Topics

Parent topic: About Property Graphs

2.1.2 What Is Oracle Database Support for Property Graphs?

Property graphs are supported in Oracle Database, in addition to being supported for Big Data in Hadoop. This support consists of in-database graph queries, in-memory graph server for graph queries and analytics, and graph client components.

Parent topic: About Property Graphs

2.1.2.1 In-Memory Graph Server (PGX)

The in-memory graph server layer enables you to analyze property graphs using parallel in-memory execution. It provides over 50 analytic functions. Examples of the categories and specific functions include:

  • Centrality - Degree Centrality, Eigenvector Centrality, PageRank, Betweenness Centrality, Closedness Centrality
  • Component and Community - Strongly Connected Components (Tarjan's and Kosaraju's). Weakly Connected Components
  • Twitter's Who-To-Follow, Label Propagation.
  • Path Finding - Single source all destination (Bellman-Ford), Dijsktra's shortest path, Hop Distance (Breadth-first search)
  • Community Evaluation - Coefficient (Triangle Counting), Conductance, Modularity, Adamic-Adar counter.

See Using the In-Memory Graph Server (PGX) for more information on the in-memory graph server (PGX).

2.1.2.2 Data Access Layer

The data access layer provides a set of Java APIs that you can use to create and drop property graphs, add and remove vertices and edges, search for vertices and edges using key-value pairs, create text indexes, and perform other manipulations.

For more information, see:

2.1.2.3 Options for Property Graph Architecture

You have two architecture options when using the property graph feature of Oracle Database:

Both options let you use the Property Graph Query Language (PGQL).

Run Graph Query and Analytics in the In-Memory Graph Server (PGX) (3-Tier)

You can load your property graph into the in-memory graph server, which has a specialized architecture for graph computations. All query and analytics operations on this graph can be executed in-memory in the graph server. This graph can be created directly from relational tables or loaded from the property graph schema that stores the graph in the database. You can modify the graph in memory (insert, update, and delete vertices and edges, and create new properties for results of executing an algorithm). The graph server does not write the modifications back to the relational tables.

The in-memory graph server (PGX) typically in a server separate from the database, and can run standalone, or in a container like Oracle WebLogic Server or Apache Tomcat. This approach (load your property graph into the in-memory graph server) uses a three-tier architecture, as shown in the following figure.

Figure 2-2 Three-Tier Property Graph Architecture

Description of Figure 2-2 follows
Description of "Figure 2-2 Three-Tier Property Graph Architecture"

Load the Graph into Oracle Database (2-Tier)

If you do not need to load the graph into the in-memory graph server, you can use another approach: create a property graph from data in relational tables, and store it in the property graph schema (VT$ and GE$ tables). You can then run PGQL queries on this graph.

You can load this graph into memory for running analytics algorithms and PGQL queries not supported in the database. You can configure the in-memory graph server to periodically fetch updates from the data automatically in the graph to keep the data synchronized.

This approach uses a two-tier architecture, as shown in the following figure.

Figure 2-3 Two-Tier Property Graph Architecture

Description of Figure 2-3 follows
Description of "Figure 2-3 Two-Tier Property Graph Architecture"

2.2 Property Graph Views on Oracle Database Tables

You can create property graph views over data stored in Oracle Database. You can perform various graph analytics operations using PGQL on these views.

The CREATE PROPERTY GRAPH statement in PGQL can be used to create a view-like object that contains metadata about the graph. This graph can be queried using PGQL.

The property graph views are created directly over data that exists in the relational database tables. Since the graph is stored in the database tables it has a schema. This is unlike the graphs created with a flexible schema, where the data is copied from the source tables to property graph schema tables as described in Property Graph Schema Objects for Oracle Database.

One of the main benefits of property graph views, is that all updates to the database tables are immediately reflected in the graph.

Metadata Tables for PG Views

Each time a CREATE PROPERTY GRAPH statement is executed, metadata tables are created in the user's own schema.

The following table describes the set of metadata tables that are created for each graph on executing CREATE PROPERTY GRAPH statement.

All columns shown underlined in the Table 2-1 are part of the primary key of the table. Also all columns have a NOT NULL constraint.

Table 2-1 Metadata Tables for PG Views

Table Name Description
graphName_ELEM_TABLE$ Metadata for graph element (vertex/edge) tables (one row per element table):
  • ET_NAME: the name of the element table (the "alias")
  • ET_TYPE: either "VERTEX" or "EDGE"
  • SCHEMA_NAME: the name of the schema of the underlying table
  • TABLE_NAME: the name of underlying table
graphName_LABEL$ Metadata on labels of element tables (one row per label; one label per element table):
  • LABEL_NAME: the name of the label
  • ET_NAME: the name of the element table ( the "alias")
  • ET_TYPE: either "VERTEX" or "EDGE"
graphName_PROPERTY$

Metadata describing the columns that are exposed through a label (one row per property)

  • PROPERTY_NAME: the name of the property
  • ET_NAME: the name of the element table (the "alias")
  • ET_TYPE: either "VERTEX" or "EDGE"
  • LABEL_NAME: the name of the label that this property belongs to
  • COLUMN_NAME: the name of the column (initially, only the case where property names equal column names is allowed)
graphName_KEY$

Metadata describing a vertex/edge key (one row per column in the key)

  • COLUMN_NAME: the name of the column in the key
  • COLUMN_NUMBER: the number of the column in the key

    For example, in KEY ( a, b, c ), "a" has number 1, "b" has number 2 and "c" has number 3.

  • KEY_TYPE: either "VERTEX" or "EDGE"

  • ET_NAME: the name of the element table (the "alias")

graphName_SRC_DST_KEY$

Metadata describing the edge source/destination keys (one row per column of a key):

  • ET_NAME: the name of the element table ( the "alias"), which is always an edge table
  • VT_NAME: the name of the vertex table
  • KEY_TYPE: either "EDGE_SOURCE" or "EDGE_DESTINATION"
  • ET_COLUMN_NAME: the name of the key column
  • ET_COLUMN_NUMBER: the number of the column in the key.

    For example, in KEY ( a, b, c ), "a" has number 1, "b" has number 2 and "c" has number 3.

Note:

Currently, support is only for SOURCE KEY ( ... ) REFERENCES T1. So only the edge source/destination key is stored.

Example 2-1 To create a Property Graph View

Consider the following CREATE PROPERTY GRAPH statement: 


CREATE PROPERTY GRAPH student_network
  VERTEX TABLES(
    person
      KEY ( id )
      LABEL student
      PROPERTIES( name ),
    university
      KEY ( id )
      PROPERTIES( name )
  )
  EDGE TABLES(
    knows
      key (person1, person2)
      SOURCE KEY ( person1 ) REFERENCES person
      DESTINATION KEY ( person2 ) REFERENCES person
      NO PROPERTIES,
    person AS studentOf
      key (id, university)
      SOURCE KEY ( id ) REFERENCES person
      DESTINATION KEY ( university ) REFERENCES university
      NO PROPERTIES
  )
You can create a property graph view using PG_VIEW=T flag in options parameter of execute method:

Note:

  • You can create property graph views only using the RDBMS Java API.
  • Creation of property graph views is not supported when using SQLcl. However, once created, you can query property graph views with PGQL SELECT statements in SQLcl.
  • Both creation and querying of property graph views are not supported when using Python API, or the graph visualization tool.
stmt.execute("CREATE PROPERTY GRAPH student_network ...", null, "PG_VIEW=T");

This results in the creation of the following metadata tables:


SQL> select * from STUDENT_NETWORK_ELEM_TABLE$;
 
ET_NAME         ET_TYPE    SCHEMA_NAME     TABLE_NAME
--------------- ---------- --------------- ---------------
PERSON          VERTEX     SCOTT           PERSON
UNIVERSITY      VERTEX     SCOTT           UNIVERSITY
KNOWS           EDGE       SCOTT           KNOWS
STUDENTOF       EDGE       SCOTT           PERSON
 
SQL> select * from STUDENT_NETWORK_LABEL$;
 
LABEL_NAME      ET_NAME         ET_TYPE
--------------- --------------- ----------
STUDENT         PERSON          VERTEX
UNIVERSITY      UNIVERSITY      VERTEX
KNOWS           KNOWS           EDGE
STUDENTOF       STUDENTOF       EDGE
 
SQL> select * from STUDENT_NETWORK_PROPERTY$;
 
PROPERTY_NAME   ET_NAME         ET_TYPE    LABEL_NAME      COLUMN_NAME
--------------- --------------- ---------- --------------- ---------------
NAME            PERSON          VERTEX     STUDENT         NAME
NAME            UNIVERSITY      VERTEX     UNIVERSITY      NAME
 
SQL> select * from STUDENT_NETWORK_KEY$;
 
COLUMN_NAME     COLUMN_NUMBER KEY_TY ET_NAME
--------------- ------------- ------ ---------------
ID                          1 VERTEX PERSON
ID                          1 VERTEX UNIVERSITY
PERSON1                     1 EDGE   KNOWS
PERSON2                     2 EDGE   KNOWS
ID                          1 EDGE   STUDENTOF
UNIVERSITY                  2 EDGE   STUDENTOF
 
SQL> select * from STUDENT_NETWORK_SRC_DST_KEY$;
 
ET_NAME     VT_NAME        KEY_TYPE         ET_COLUMN_NAME  ET_COLUMN_NUMBER
--------------- ---------- ---------------- --------------- ----------------
KNOWS       PERSON         EDGE_SOURCE      PERSON1                        1
KNOWS       PERSON         EDGE_DESTINATION PERSON2                        1
STUDENTOF   PERSON         EDGE_SOURCE      ID                             1
STUDENTOF   UNIVERSITY     EDGE_DESTINATION UNIVERSITY                     1

You can now run PGQL queries on the property graph view student_network.

Parent topic: Using Property Graphs in an Oracle Database Environment

2.3 Property Graph Schema Objects for Oracle Database

The property graph PL/SQL and Java APIs use special Oracle Database schema objects.

This topic describes objects related to the property graph schema approach to working with graph data. It is a more flexible approach than the deprecated two-tables schema approach described in Handling Property Graphs Using a Two-Tables Schema, which has limitations.

Oracle Spatial and Graph lets you store, query, manipulate, and query property graph data in Oracle Database. For example, to create a property graph named myGraph, you can use either the Java APIs (oracle.pg.rdbms.OraclePropertyGraph) or the PL/SQL APIs (MDSYS.OPG_APIS package).

With the PL/SQL API: 

BEGIN
     opg_apis.create_pg(
           'myGraph',  
           dop => 4,             -- degree of parallelism
           num_hash_ptns => 8,   -- number of hash partitions used to store the graph
           tbs => 'USERS',       -- tablespace
           options => 'COMPRESS=T'
           );
END;
/

With the Java API:

  cfg = GraphConfigBuilder
            .forPropertyGraphRdbms()
            .setJdbcUrl("jdbc:oracle:thin:@127.0.0.1:1521:orcl")  
            .setUsername("<your_user_name>")
            .setPassword("<your_password>")  
            .setName("myGraph") 
            .setMaxNumConnections(8) 
            .setLoadEdgeLabel(false) 
            .build();

  OraclePropertyGraph opg = OraclePropertyGraph.getInstance(cfg);

Parent topic: Using Property Graphs in an Oracle Database Environment

2.3.1 Property Graph Tables (Detailed Information)

After a property graph is established in the database, several tables are created automatically in the user's schema, with the graph name as the prefix and VT$ or GE$ as the suffix. For example, for a graph named myGraph, table myGraphVT$ is created to store vertices and their properties (K/V pairs), and table myGraphGE$ is created to store edges and their properties.

Additional internal tables are created with IT$ and GT$ suffixes, to store text index metadata and graph skeleton (topological structure).

The definitions of tables myGraphVT$ and myGraphGE$ are as follows. They are important for SQL-based analytics and SQL-based property graph query. In both the VT$ and GE$ tables, VTS, VTE, and FE are reserved columns; column SL is for the security label; and columns K, T, V, VN, and VT together store all information about a property (K/V pair) of a graph element. In the VT$ table, VID is a long integer for storing the vertex ID. In the GE$ table, EID, SVID, and DVID are long integer columns for storing edge ID, source (from) vertex ID, and destination (to) vertex ID, respectively. 

SQL> describe myGraphVT$
 Name                       Null?    Type
 ----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
 VID                       NOT NULL NUMBER
 K                                  NVARCHAR2(3100)
 T                                  NUMBER(38)
 V                                  NVARCHAR2(15000)
 VN                                 NUMBER
 VT                                 TIMESTAMP(6) WITH TIME ZONE
 SL                                 NUMBER
 VTS                                DATE
 VTE                                DATE
 FE                                 NVARCHAR2(4000)


SQL> describe myGraphGE$
 Name                       Null?    Type
 ----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
 EID                        NOT NULL NUMBER
 SVID                       NOT NULL NUMBER
 DVID                       NOT NULL NUMBER
 EL                                  NVARCHAR2(3100)
 K                                   NVARCHAR2(3100)
 T                                   NUMBER(38)
 V                                   NVARCHAR2(15000)
 VN                                  NUMBER
 VT                                  TIMESTAMP(6) WITH TIME ZONE
 SL                                  NUMBER
 VTS                                 DATE
 VTE                                 DATE
 FE                                  NVARCHAR2(4000)

For simplicity, only simple graph names are allowed, and they are case insensitive.

In both the VT$ and GE$ tables, Columns K, T, V, VN, VT together store all information about a property (K/V pair) of a graph element, while SL is used for security label, and VTS, VTE, FE are reserved columns.

In the property graph schema design, a property value is stored in the VN column if the value has numeric data type (long, int, double, float, and so on), in the VT column if the value is a timestamp, or in the V column for Strings, boolean and other serializable data types. For better Oracle Text query support, a literal representation of the property value is saved in the V column even if the data type is numeric or timestamp. To differentiate all the supported data types, an integer ID is saved in the T column. (The possible T column integer ID values are those listed for the value_type field in the table in Vertex File.)

The K column in both VT$ and GE$ tables stores the property key. Each edge must have a label of String type, and the labels are stored in the EL column of the GE$ table.

The T column in both VT$ and GE$ tables is a number representing the data type of the value of the property it describes. For example 1 means the value is a string, 2 means the value is an integer, and so on. Some T column possible values and associated data types are as follows:

To support international characters, NVARCHAR columns are used in VT$ and GE$ tables. Oracle highly recommends UTF8 as the default database character set. In addition, the V column has a size of 15000, which requires the enabling of 32K VARCHAR (MAX_STRING_SIZE = EXTENDED).

The VT$ table schema for storing vertices contains these columns:

  • VID, a long column denoting the ID of the vertex.

  • VL, a string column denoting the label of the vertex.

  • K, a string column denoting the name of the property. If there is no property associated to the vertex, the value of this column should be a whitespace.

  • T, a long column denoting the type of the property.

  • V, a string column denoting the value of the property as a String. If the property type is numeric, a String format version of the value is stored in this column. Similarly, if the property is timestamp based, a String format version of the value is stored.

  • VN, a numeric column denoting the value of a numeric property. This column stores the property value only if the property type is numeric.

  • VT, a timestamp with time zone column storing the value of a date time property. This column stores the property value only if the property type is timestamp based.

  • SL, a numeric column reserved for the security label set using Oracle Label Security (for further details on using Security Labels, see Access Control for Property Graph Data (Graph-Level and OLS)).

  • VTS, a timestamp with time zone column reserved for future extensions.

  • VTE, a timestamp with time zone column reserved for future extensions.

  • FE, a string column reserved for future extensions.

The following example inserts rows into a table named CONNECTIONSVT$. It includes T column values 1 through 10 (representing various data types).

INSERT INTO connectionsvt$(vid,k,t,v,vn,vt) VALUES (2001, '1-STRING', 1, 'Some String', NULL, NULL); 
INSERT INTO connectionsvt$(vid,k,t,v,vn,vt) VALUES (2001, '2-INTEGER', 2, NULL, 21, NULL); 
INSERT INTO connectionsvt$(vid,k,t,v,vn,vt) VALUES (2001, '3-FLOAT', 3, NULL, 21.5, NULL); 
INSERT INTO connectionsvt$(vid,k,t,v,vn,vt) VALUES (2001, '4-DOUBLE', 4, NULL, 21.5, NULL); 
INSERT INTO connectionsvt$(vid,k,t,v,vn,vt) VALUES (2001, '5-DATE', 5, NULL, NULL, timestamp'2018-07-20 15:32:53.991000'); 
INSERT INTO connectionsvt$(vid,k,t,v,vn,vt) VALUES (2001, '6-BOOLEAN', 6, 'Y', NULL, NULL); 
INSERT INTO connectionsvt$(vid,k,t,v,vn,vt) VALUES (2001, '7-LONG', 7, NULL, 42, NULL); 
INSERT INTO connectionsvt$(vid,k,t,v,vn,vt) VALUES (2001, '8-SHORT', 8, NULL, 10, NULL); 
INSERT INTO connectionsvt$(vid,k,t,v,vn,vt) VALUES (2001, '9-BYTE', 9, NULL, 10, NULL); 
INSERT INTO connectionsvt$(vid,k,t,v,vn,vt) VALUES (2001, '10-CHAR', 10, 'A', NULL, NULL); 
...
UPDATE connectionsVT$ SET V = coalesce(v,to_nchar(vn),to_nchar(vt)) WHERE vid=2001; 
COMMIT;

The GE$ table schema for storing edges contains these columns:

  • EID, a long column denoting the ID of the edge.

  • SVID, a long column denoting the ID of the outgoing (origin) vertex.

  • DVID, a long column denoting the ID of the incoming (destination) vertex.

  • EL, a string column denoting the label of the edge.

  • K, a string column denoting the name of the property. If there is no property associated to the vertex, the value of this column should be a whitespace.

  • T, a long column denoting the type of the property.

  • V, a string column denoting the value of the property as a String. If the property type is numeric, a String format version of the value is stored in this column. Similarly, if the property is timestamp based, a String format version of the value is stored.

  • VN, a numeric column denoting the value of a numeric property. This column stores the property value only if the property type is numeric.

  • VT, a timestamp with time zone column storing the value of a date time property. This column stores the property value only if the property type is timestamp based.

  • SL, a numeric column reserved for the security label set using Oracle Label Security (for further details on using Security Labels, see Access Control for Property Graph Data (Graph-Level and OLS)).

  • VTS, a timestamp with time zone column column reserved for future extensions.

  • VTE, a timestamp with time zone column reserved for future extensionss.

  • FE, a string column reserved for future extensions.

In addition to the VT$ and GE$ tables, Oracle Spatial and Graph maintains other internal tables.

An internal graph skeleton table, defined with the GT$ suffix, is used to store the topological structure of a graph, and contains these columns:

  • EID, a long column denoting the ID of the edge.

  • EL, a string column denoting the label of the edge.

  • SVID, a long column denoting the ID of the outgoing (origin) vertex.

  • DVID, a long column denoting the ID of the incoming (destination) vertex.

  • ELH, a raw column specifying the hash value of an edge label.

  • ELS, a integer column specifying the edge label size with respect to total of characters.

An internal text index metadata table, created with IT$ suffix, is used to store metadata information on text indexes created using the Oracle Text search engine. It is automatically populated based on the text indexes created. The IT$ table includes the following columns for general information about a text index:

  • EIN, a string column denoting the name of the text index.

  • ET, a numeric column denoting the entities used to build the text index, if it is a vertex (1) or edge (2) text index.

  • IT, a numeric column denoting the type of the text index, if it is an automatic (1) or manual (2) text index.

  • SE, a numeric column denoting the search engine used to index the entities properties (2 indicates Oracle Text).

  • K, a string column denoting the property name used for text indexing.

For Oracle Text-based indexes, the following columns are used to describe the configuration of the text index (for further details on building an Oracle Text-based index, see Configuring Text Indexes Using Oracle Text):

  • PO, a column denoting the preferred owner for the text index configuration settings. By default, the package owner is set to MDSYS.

  • DS, a string column specifying the data store used to build the text index.

  • FIL, a string column specifying the filter used to build the text index.

  • STR, a string column specifying the storage property used to build the text index.

  • WL, a string column specifying the word list used when building the text index.

  • SL, a string column specifying the stop list used to build the text index.

  • LXR, a string column specifying the lexer used by Oracle Text during text indexing.

  • OPTS, a string column specifying additional configuration options.

An internal table, defined with the SS$ suffix, is created for Oracle internal use only.

Parent topic: Property Graph Schema Objects for Oracle Database

2.3.2 Default Indexes on Vertex (VT$) and Edge (GE$) Tables

For query performance, several indexes on property graph tables are created by default. The index names follow the same convention as the table names, including using the graph name as the prefix. For example, for the property graph myGraph, the following local (partitioned) indexes are created:

  • A unique index myGraphXQV$ on myGraphVT$(VID, K)

  • A unique index myGraphXQE$ on myGraphGE$(EID, K)

  • An index myGraphXSE$ on myGraphGE$(SVID, DVID, EID, VN)

  • An index myGraphXDE$ on myGraphGE$(DVID, SVID, EID, VN)

Parent topic: Property Graph Schema Objects for Oracle Database

2.3.3 Flexibility in the Property Graph Schema

The property graph schema design does not use a catalog or centralized repository of any kind. Each property graph is separately stored and managed by a schema of user's choice. A user's schema may have one or more property graphs.

This design provides considerable flexibility to users. For example:

  • Users can create additional indexes as desired.

  • Different property graphs can have a different set of indexes or compression options for the base tables.

  • Different property graphs can have different numbers of hash partitions.

  • You can even drop the XSE$ or XDE$ index for a property graph; however, for integrity you should keep the unique constraints.

Parent topic: Property Graph Schema Objects for Oracle Database

2.4 Getting Started with Property Graphs

Follow these steps to get started with property graphs.

  1. The first time you use property graphs, ensure that the software is installed and operational.
  2. Interact with a graph using one or more of the following options:
    • Use Java APIs in your Java application. The Java APIs can also be run in the JShell Command line interface for prototype and demo purposes.
    • Run PGQL queries:
      • In the Java application, or
      • In the Graph visualization interface, or
      • In the SQLcl client
    • Run PGQL queries and execute Java APIs in the Apache Zeppelin interpreter
  • Required Privileges for Database Users
    The database schema that contains the graph tables (either Property Graph schema objects or relational tables that will be directly loaded as a graph in memory) requires certain privileges.

Related Topics

Parent topic: Using Property Graphs in an Oracle Database Environment

2.4.1 Required Privileges for Database Users

The database schema that contains the graph tables (either Property Graph schema objects or relational tables that will be directly loaded as a graph in memory) requires certain privileges.

ALTER SESSION
CREATE PROCEDURE
CREATE SEQUENCE
CREATE SESSION
CREATE TABLE
CREATE TRIGGER
CREATE TYPE
CREATE VIEW

Parent topic: Getting Started with Property Graphs

2.5 Using Java APIs for Property Graph Data

Creating a property graph involves using the Java APIs to create the property graph and objects in it.

Parent topic: Using Property Graphs in an Oracle Database Environment

2.5.1 Overview of the Java APIs

The Java APIs that you can use for property graphs include the following:

Parent topic: Using Java APIs for Property Graph Data

2.5.1.1 Oracle Graph Property Graph Java APIs

Oracle Graph property graph support provides database-specific APIs for Oracle Database.

To use the Oracle Spatial and Graph API, import the classes into your Java program:

import oracle.pg.common.*;
import oracle.pg.text.*;
import oracle.pg.rdbms.*;
import oracle.pgx.config.*;
import oracle.pgx.common.types.*;
2.5.1.2 Oracle Database Property Graph Java APIs

The Oracle Database property graph Java APIs enable you to create and populate a property graph stored in Oracle Database.

To use these Java APIs, import the classes into your Java program. For example:

import oracle.pg.rdbms.*; 
import java.sql.*;

2.5.2 Parallel Loading of Graph Data

A Java API is provided for performing parallel loading of graph data.

Oracle Spatial and Graph supports loading graph data into Oracle Database. Graph data can be loaded into the property graph using the following approaches:

  • Vertices and/or edges can be added incrementally using the graph.addVertex(Object id)/graph.addEdge(Object id) APIs.

  • Graph data can be loaded from a file in Oracle flat-File format in parallel using the OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader API.

  • A property graph in GraphML, GML, or GraphSON can be loaded using GMLReader, GraphMLReader, and GraphSONReader, respectively.

This topic focuses on the parallel loading of a property graph in Oracle-defined flat file format.

Parallel data loading provides an optimized solution to data loading where the vertices (or edges) input streams are split into multiple chunks and loaded into Oracle Database in parallel. This operation involves two main overlapping phases:

  • Splitting. The vertices and edges input streams are split into multiple chunks and saved into a temporary input stream. The number of chunks is determined by the degree of parallelism specified

  • Graph loading. For each chunk, a loader thread is created to process information about the vertices (or edges) information and to load the data into the property graph tables.

OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader supports parallel data loading using several different options:

Parent topic: Using Java APIs for Property Graph Data

2.5.2.1 JDBC-Based Data Loading

JDBC-based data loading uses Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) APIs to load the graph data into Oracle Database. In this option, the vertices (or edges) in the given input stream will be spread among multiple chunks by the splitter thread. Each chunk will be processed by a different loader thread that inserts all the elements in the chunk into a temporary work table using JDBC batching. The number of splitter and loader threads used is determined by the degree of parallelism (DOP) specified by the user.

After all the graph data is loaded into the temporary work tables, all the data stored in the temporary work tables is loaded into the property graph VT$ and GE$ tables.

The following example loads the graph data from a vertex and edge files in Oracle-defined flat-file format using a JDBC-based parallel data loading with a degree of parallelism of 48.

    String szOPVFile = "../../data/connections.opv"; 
    String szOPEFile = "../../data/connections.ope"; 
    OraclePropertyGraph opg = OraclePropertyGraph.getInstance( args, szGraphName); 
    opgdl = OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader.getInstance(); 
    opgdl.loadData(opg, szOPVFile, szOPEFile, 48 /* DOP */, 1000 /* batch size */, true /* rebuild index flag */, "pddl=t,pdml=t" /* options */); 
);

To optimize the performance of the data loading operations, a set of flags and hints can be specified when calling the JDBC-based data loading. These hints include:

  • DOP: The degree of parallelism to use when loading the data. This parameter determines the number of chunks to generate when splitting the file as well as the number of loader threads to use when loading the data into the property graph VT$ and GE$ tables.

  • Batch Size: An integer specifying the batch size to use for Oracle update statements in batching mode. The default batch size used in the JDBC-based data loading is 1000.

  • Rebuild index: If this flag is set to true, the data loader will disable all the indexes and constraints defined over the property graph where the data will be loaded. After all the data is loaded into the property graph, all the indexes and constraints will be rebuilt.

  • Load options: An option (or multiple options delimited by commas) to optimize the data loading operations. These options include:

    • NO_DUP=T: Assumes the input data does not have invalid duplicates. In a valid property graph, each vertex (edge) can at most have one value for a given property key. In an invalid property graph, a vertex (edge) may have two or more values for a particular key. As an example, a vertex, v, has two key/value pairs: name/"John" and name/"Johnny" and they share the same key.

    • PDML=T: Enables parallel execution for DML operations for the database session used in the data loader. This hint is used to improve the performance of long-running batching jobs.

    • PDDL=T: Enables parallel execution for DDL operations for the database session used in the data loader. This hint is used to improve the performance of long-running batching jobs.

    • KEEP_WORK_TABS=T: Skips cleaning and deleting the working tables after the data loading is complete. This is for debugging use only.

    • KEEP_TMP_FILES=T: Skips removing the temporary splitter files after the data loading is complete. This is for debug only.

  • Splitter Flag: An integer value defining the type of files or streams used in the splitting phase to generate the data chunks used in the graph loading phase. The temporary files can be created as regular files (0), named pipes (1), or piped streams (2). By default, JDBC-based data loading uses

    Piped streams to handle intermediate data chunksPiped streams are for JDBC-based loader only. They are purely in-memory and efficient, and do not require any files created on the operating system.

    Regular files consume space on the local operating system, while named pipes appear as empty files on the local operating system. Note that not every operating system has support for named pipes.

  • Split File Prefix: The prefix used for the temporary files or pipes created when the splitting phase is generating the data chunks for the graph loading. By default, the prefix “OPG_Chunk” is used for regular files and “OPG_Pipe” is used for named pipes.

  • Tablespace: The name of the tablespace where all the temporary work tables will be created.

Subtopics:

  • JDBC-Based Data Loading with Multiple Files

  • JDBC-Based Data Loading with Partitions

  • JDBC-based Parallel Data Loading Using Fine-Tuning

JDBC-Based Data Loading with Multiple Files

JDBC-based data loading also supports loading vertices and edges from multiple files or input streams into the database. The following code fragment loads multiple vertex and edge files using the parallel data loading APIs. In the example, two string arrays szOPVFiles and szOPEFiles are used to hold the input files. 

    String[] szOPVFiles = new String[] {"../../data/connections-p1.opv", 
                                        "../../data/connections-p2.opv"}; 
    String[] szOPEFiles = new String[] {"../../data/connections-p1.ope",                          
                                        "../../data/connections-p2.ope"}; 
    OraclePropertyGraph opg = OraclePropertyGraph.getInstance( args, szGraphName); 
    opgdl = OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader.getInstance(); 
    opgdl.loadData(opg, szOPVFiles, szOPEFiles, 48 /* DOP */,
                   1000 /* batch size */, 
                   true /* rebuild index flag */, 
                   "pddl=t,pdml=t" /* options */);

JDBC-Based Data Loading with Partitions

When dealing with graph data from thousands to hundreds of thousands elements, the JDBC-based data loading API allows loading the graph data in Oracle Flat file format into Oracle Database using logical partitioning.

Each partition represents a subset of vertices (or edges) in the graph data file of size is approximately the number of distinct element IDs in the file divided by the number of partitions. Each partition is identified by an integer ID in the range of [0, Number of partitions – 1].

To use parallel data loading with partitions, you must specify the total number of logical partitions to use and the partition offset (start ID) in addition to the base parameters used in the loadData API. To fully load a graph data file or input stream into the database, you must execute the data loading operation as many times as the defined number of partitions. For example, to load the graph data from a file using two partitions, there should be two data loading API calls using an offset of 0 and 1. Each call to the data loader can be processed using multiple threads or a separate Java client on a single system or multiple systems.

Note that this approach is intended to be used with a single vertex file (or input stream) and a single edge file (or input stream). Additionally, this option requires disabling the indices and constraints on vertices and edges. These indices and constraints must be rebuilt after all partitions have been loaded.

The following example loads the graph data using two partitions. Each partition is loaded by one Java process DataLoaderWorker. To coordinate multiple workers, a coordinator process named DataLoaderCoordinator is used. This example does the following

  1. Disables all indexes and constraints,

  2. Creates a temporary working table, loaderProgress, that records the data loading progress (that is, how many workers have finished their work. All DataLoaderWorker processes start loading data after the working table is created.

  3. Increments the progress by 1.

  4. Keeps polling (using the DataLoaderCoordinator process) the progress until all DataLoaderWorker processes are done.

  5. Rebuilds all indexes and constraints.

Note: In DataLoaderWorker, the flag SKIP_INDEX should be set to true and the flag rebuildIndx should be set to false. 

// start DataLoaderCoordinator, set dop = 8 and number of partitions = 2
java DataLoaderCoordinator  jdbcUrl  user password pg 8 2
// start the first DataLoaderWorker, set dop = 8, number of partitions = 2, partition offset = 0
java DataLoaderWorker jdbcUrl user password pg  8 2 0
// start the first DataLoaderWorker, set dop = 8, number of partitions = 2, partition offset = 1
java DataLoaderWorker jdbcUrl user password pg  8 2 1

The DataLoaderCoordinator first disables all indexes and constraints. It then creates a table named loaderProgress and inserts one row with column progress = 0. 

public class DataLoaderCoordinator {
        public static void main(String[] szArgs) {
          String jdbcUrl = szArgs[0];
          String user = szArgs[1];
          String password = szArgs[2];
          String graphName = szArgs[3];
          int dop = Integer.parseInt(szArgs[4]);
          int numLoaders = Integer.parseInt(szArgs[5]);

          Oracle oracle = null;
          OraclePropertyGraph opg = null;
          try {
            oracle = new Oracle(jdbcUrl, user, password);
            OraclePropertyGraphUtils.dropPropertyGraph(oracle, graphName);
            opg = OraclePropertyGraph.getInstance(oracle, graphName);

            List<String> vIndices = opg.disableVertexTableIndices();
            List<String> vConstraints = opg.disableVertexTableConstraints();
            List<String> eIndices = opg.disableEdgeTableIndices();
            List<String> eConstraints = opg.disableEdgeTableConstraints();

            String szStmt = null;
            try {
              szStmt = "drop table loaderProgress";
              opg.getOracle().executeUpdate(szStmt);
            }
            catch (SQLException ex) {
              if (ex.getErrorCode() == 942) {
                // table does not exist. ignore
              }
              else {
                throw new OraclePropertyGraphException(ex);
              }
            }

            szStmt = "create table loaderProgress (progress integer)";
            opg.getOracle().executeUpdate(szStmt);
            szStmt = "insert into loaderProgress (progress) values (0)";
            opg.getOracle().executeUpdate(szStmt);
            opg.getOracle().getConnection().commit();
            while (true) {
              if (checkLoaderProgress(oracle) == numLoaders) {
                break;
              } else {
                Thread.sleep(1000);
              }
            }

            opg.rebuildVertexTableIndices(vIndices, dop, null);
            opg.rebuildVertexTableConstraints(vConstraints, dop, null);
            opg.rebuildEdgeTableIndices(eIndices, dop, null);
            opg.rebuildEdgeTableConstraints(eConstraints, dop, null);
          }
          catch (IOException ex) {
            throw new OraclePropertyGraphException(ex);
          }
          catch (SQLException ex) {
            throw new OraclePropertyGraphException(ex);
          }
          catch (InterruptedException ex) {
            throw new OraclePropertyGraphException(ex);
          }
          catch (Exception ex) {
            throw new OraclePropertyGraphException(ex);
          }
          finally {
            try {
              if (opg != null) {
                opg.shutdown();
              }
              if (oracle != null) {
                oracle.dispose();
              }
            }
            catch (Throwable t) {
              System.out.println(t);
            }
          }

        }

        private static int checkLoaderProgress(Oracle oracle) {
          int result = 0;
          ResultSet rs = null;

          try {
            String szStmt = "select progress from loaderProgress";
            rs = oracle.executeQuery(szStmt);
            if (rs.next()) {
              result =  rs.getInt(1);
            }

          }
          catch (Exception ex) {
            throw new OraclePropertyGraphException(ex);
          }
          finally {
            try {
              if (rs != null) {
                rs.close();
              }
	    }
            catch (Throwable t) {
              System.out.println(t);
            }
          }
          return result;
        }
}
     
public class DataLoaderWorker {

        public static void main(String[] szArgs) {
          String jdbcUrl = szArgs[0];
          String user = szArgs[1];
          String password = szArgs[2];
          String graphName = szArgs[3];
          int dop = Integer.parseInt(szArgs[4]);
          int numLoaders = Integer.parseInt(szArgs[5]);
          int offset = Integer.parseInt(szArgs[6]);

          Oracle oracle = null;
          OraclePropertyGraph opg = null;

          try {
            oracle = new Oracle(jdbcUrl, user, password);
            opg = OraclePropertyGraph.getInstance(oracle, graphName, 8, dop, null/*tbs*/, ",SKIP_INDEX=T,");
            OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader opgdal = OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader.getInstance();

            while (true) {
              if (checkLoaderProgress(oracle) == 1) {
                break;
              } else {
                Thread.sleep(1000);
              }
            }

            String opvFile = "../../../data/connections.opv";
            String opeFile = "../../../data/connections.ope";
            opgdal.loadData(opg, opvFile, opeFile, dop, numLoaders, offset, 1000, false, null, "pddl=t,pdml=t");

            updateLoaderProgress(oracle);
          }
          catch (SQLException ex) {
            throw new OraclePropertyGraphException(ex);
          }
          catch (InterruptedException ex) {
            throw new OraclePropertyGraphException(ex);
          }
          finally {
            try {
              if (opg != null) {
                opg.shutdown();
              }
              if (oracle != null) {
                oracle.dispose();
              }
            }
            catch (Throwable t) {
              System.out.println(t);
            }
          }
        }

        private static int checkLoaderProgress(Oracle oracle) {
          int result = 0;
          ResultSet rs = null;

          try {
            String szStmt = "select count(*) from loaderProgress";
            rs = oracle.executeQuery(szStmt);
            if (rs.next()) {
              result = rs.getInt(1);
            }
          }
          catch (SQLException ex) {
            if (ex.getErrorCode() == 942) {
              // table does not exist. ignore
            } else {
              throw new OraclePropertyGraphException(ex);
            }
          }
          finally {
            try {
              if (rs != null) {
                rs.close();
              }
            }
            catch (Throwable t) {
              System.out.println(t);
            }
          }
          return result;
        }

        private static void updateLoaderProgress(Oracle oracle) {
          ResultSet rs = null;

          try {
            String szStmt = "update loaderProgress set progress = progress + 1";
            oracle.executeUpdate(szStmt);
            oracle.getConnection().commit();
          }
          catch (Exception ex) {
            throw new OraclePropertyGraphException(ex);
          }
          finally {
            try {
              if (rs != null) {
                rs.close();
              }
            }
            catch (Throwable t) {
              System.out.println(t);
            }
          }
        }
}

JDBC-based Parallel Data Loading Using Fine-Tuning

JDBC-based data loading supports fine-tuning the subset of data from a line to be loaded, as well as the ID offset to use when loading the elements into the property graph instance. You can specify the subset of data to load from a file by specifying the maximum number of lines to read from the file and the offset line number (start position) for both vertices and edges. This way, data will be loaded from the offset line number until the maximum number of lines has been read. IIf the maximum line number is -1, the loading process will scan the data until reaching the end of file.

Because multiple graph data files may have some ID collisions or overlap, the JDBC-based data loading allows you to define a vertex and edge ID offset. This way, the ID of each loaded vertex will be the sum of the original vertex ID and the given vertex ID offset. Similarly, the ID of each loaded edge will be generated from the sum of the original edge ID and the given edge ID offset. Note that the vertices and edge files must be correlated, because the in/out vertex ID for the loaded edges will be modified with respect to the specified vertex ID offset. This operation is supported only in data loading using a single logical partition.

The following code fragment loads the first 100 vertices and edges lines from the given graph data file. In this example, an ID offset 0 is used, which indicates no ID adjustment is performed.

    String szOPVFile = "../../data/connections.opv"; 
    String szOPEFile = "../../data/connections.ope"; 
    // Run the data loading using fine tuning 
    long lVertexOffsetlines = 0; 
    long lEdgeOffsetlines = 0; 
    long lVertexMaxlines = 100; 
    long lEdgeMaxlines = 100;
    long lVIDOffset = 0;
    long lEIDOffset = 0;
    OraclePropertyGraph opg = OraclePropertyGraph.getInstance( args, szGraphName); 
    OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader opgdl = OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader.getInstance();
    
    opgdl.loadData(opg, szOPVFile, szOPEFile, 
                   lVertexOffsetlines /* offset of lines to start loading from 
              partition, default 0 */, 
                   lEdgeOffsetlines /* offset of lines to start loading from 
                   partition, default 0 */, 
      lVertexMaxlines /* maximum number of lines to start loading from 
                        partition, default -1 (all lines in partition) */, 
      lEdgeMaxlines /* maximum number of lines to start loading from 
                       partition, default -1 (all lines in partition) */, 
      lVIDOffset /* vertex ID offset: the vertex ID will be original 
                    vertex ID + offset, default 0 */, 
      lEIDOffset /* edge ID offset: the edge ID will be original edge ID 
                    + offset, default 0 */, 
      4 /* DOP */, 
      1 /* Total number of partitions, default 1 */, 
      0 /* Partition to load: from 0 to totalPartitions - 1, default 0 */, 
      OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader.PIPEDSTREAM /* splitter flag */, 
      "chunkPrefix" /* prefix: the prefix used to generate split chunks 
                       for regular files or named pipes */, 
      1000 /* batch size: batch size of Oracle update in batching mode. 
              Default value is 1000 */, 
      true /* rebuild index */, 
      null /* table space name*/,
      "pddl=t,pdml=t" /* options: enable parallel DDL and DML */);
2.5.2.2 External Table-Based Data Loading

External table-based data loading uses an external table to load the graph data into Oracle Database. External table loading allows users to access the data in external sources as if it were in a regular relational table in the database. In this case, the vertices (or edges) in the given input stream will be spread among multiple chunks by the splitter thread. Each chunk will be processed by a different loader thread that is in charge of passing all the elements in the chunk to Oracle Database. The number of splitter and loader threads used is determined by the degree of parallelism (DOP) specified by the user.

After the external tables are automatically created by the data loading logic, the loader will read from the external tables and load all the data into the property graph schema tables (VT$ and GE$).

External-table based data loading requires a directory object where the files read by the external tables will be stored. This directory can be created by running the following scripts in a SQL*Plus environment:

create or replace directory tmp_dir as '/tmppath/';
grant read, write on directory tmp_dir to public;

The following code fragment loads the graph data from a vertex and edge files in Oracle Flat-file format using an external table-based parallel data loading with a degree of parallelism of 48.

    String szOPVFile = "../../data/connections.opv"; 
    String szOPEFile = "../../data/connections.ope"; 
    String szExtDir = "tmp_dir";
    OraclePropertyGraph opg = OraclePropertyGraph.getInstance( args, szGraphName); 
    opgdl = OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader.getInstance(); 
    opgdl.loadDataWithExtTab(opg, szOPVFile, szOPEFile, 48 /*DOP*/, 
                             true /*named pipe flag: setting the flag to true will use 
                                   named pipe based splitting; otherwise, regular file 
                                   based splitting would be used*/, 
                             szExtDir /* database directory object */, 
                             true /*rebuild index */, 
                             "pddl=t,pdml=t,NO_DUP=T" /*options */);

To optimize the performance of the data loading operations, a set of flags and hints can be specified when calling the External table-based data loading. These hints include:

  • DOP: The degree of parallelism to use when loading the data. This parameter determines the number of chunks to generate when splitting the file, as well as the number of loader threads to use when loading the data into the property graph VT$ and GE$ tables.

  • Rebuild index: If this flag is set to true, the data loader will disable all the indexes and constraints defined over the property graph where the data will be loaded. After all the data is loaded into the property graph, all the indexes and constraints will be rebuilt.

  • Load options: An option (or multiple options delimited by commas) to optimize the data loading operations. These options include:

    • NO_DUP=T: Chooses a faster way to load the data into the property graph tables as no validation for duplicate Key/value pairs will be conducted.

    • PDML=T: Enables parallel execution for DML operations for the database session used in the data loader. This hint is used to improve the performance of long-running batching jobs.

    • PDDL=T: Enables parallel execution for DDL operations for the database session used in the data loader. This hint is used to improve the performance of long-running batching jobs.

    • KEEP_WORK_TABS=T: Skips cleaning and deleting the working tables after the data loading is complete. This is for debugging use only.

    • KEEP_TMP_FILES=T: Skips removing the temporary splitter files after the data loading is complete. This is for debugging use only.

  • Splitter Flag: An integer value defining the type of files or streams used in the splitting phase to generate the data chunks used in the graph loading phase. The temporary files can be created as regular files (0) or named pipes (1).

    By default, External table-based data loading uses regular files to handle temporary files for data chunks. Named pipes can only be used on operating system that supports them. It is generally a good practice to use regular files together with DBFS.

  • Split File Prefix: The prefix used for the temporary files or pipes created when the splitting phase is generating the data chunks for the graph loading. By default, the prefix “Chunk” is used for regular files and “Pipe” is used for named pipes.

  • Tablespace: The name of the tablespace where all the temporary work tables will be created.

As with the JDBC-based data loading, external table-based data loading supports parallel data loading using a single file, multiple files, partitions, and fine-tuning.

Subtopics:

  • External Table-Based Data Loading with Multiple Files

  • External table-based Data Loading with Partitions

  • External Table-Based Parallel Data Loading Using Fine-Tuning

External Table-Based Data Loading with Multiple Files

External table-based data loading also supports loading vertices and edges from multiple files or input streams into the database. The following code fragment loads multiple vertex and edge files using the parallel data loading APIs. In the example, two string arrays szOPVFiles and szOPEFiles are used to hold the input files. 

    String szOPVFile = "../../data/connections.opv"; 
    String szOPEFile = "../../data/connections.ope"; 
    String szExtDir = "tmp_dir";
    OraclePropertyGraph opg = OraclePropertyGraph.getInstance( args, szGraphName); 
    opgdl = OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader.getInstance(); 
    opgdl.loadDataWithExtTab(opg, szOPVFile, szOPEFile, 48 /* DOP */, 
                             true /* named pipe flag */, 
                             szExtDir /* database directory object */, 
                             true /* rebuild index flag */, 
                             "pddl=t,pdml=t" /* options */);

External table-based Data Loading with Partitions

When dealing with a very large property graph, the external table-based data loading API allows loading the graph data in Oracle flat file format into Oracle Database using logical partitioning. Each partition represents a subset of vertices (or edges) in the graph data file of size that is approximately the number of distinct element IDs in the file divided by the number of partitions. Each partition is identified by an integer ID in the range of [0, Number of partitions – 1].

To use parallel data loading with partitions, you must specify the total number of partitions to use and the partition offset besides the base parameters used in the loadDataWithExtTab API. To fully load a graph data file or input stream into the database, you must execute the data loading operation as many times as the defined number of partitions. For example, to load the graph data from a file using two partitions, there should be two data loading API calls using an offset of 0 and 1. Each call to the data loader can be processed using multiple threads or a separate Java client on a single system or multiple systems.

Note that this approach is intended to be used with a single vertex file (or input stream) and a single edge file (or input stream). Additionally, this option requires disabling the indexes and constraints on vertices and edges. These indices and constraints must be rebuilt after all partitions have been loaded.

The example for JDBC-based data loading with partitions can be easily migrated to work as external-table based loading with partitions. The only needed changes are to replace API loadData() with loadDataWithExtTab(), and supply some additional input parameters such as the database directory object.

External Table-Based Parallel Data Loading Using Fine-Tuning

External table-based data loading also supports fine-tuning the subset of data from a line to be loaded, as well as the ID offset to use when loading the elements into the property graph instance. You can specify the subset of data to load from a file by specifying the maximum number of lines to read from the file as well as the offset line number for both vertices and edges. This way, data will be loaded from the offset line number until the maximum number of lines has been read. If the maximum line number is -1, the loading process will scan the data until reaching the end of file.

Because graph data files may have some ID collisions, the external table-based data loading allows you to define a vertex and edge ID offset. This way, the ID of each loaded vertex will be obtained from the sum of the original vertex ID with the given vertex ID offset. Similarly, the ID of each loaded edge will be generated from the sum of the original edge ID with the given edge ID offset. Note that the vertices and edge files must be correlated, because the in/out vertex ID for the loaded edges will be modified with respect to the specified vertex ID offset. This operation is supported only in a data loading using a single partition.

The following code fragment loads the first 100 vertices and edges from the given graph data file. In this example, no ID offset is provided.

    String szOPVFile = "../../data/connections.opv"; 
    String szOPEFile = "../../data/connections.ope"; 

    // Run the data loading using fine tuning 
    long lVertexOffsetlines = 0; 
    long lEdgeOffsetlines = 0; 
    long lVertexMaxlines = 100; 
    long lEdgeMaxlines = 100;
    long lVIDOffset = 0;
    long lEIDOffset = 0;
    String szExtDir = "tmp_dir";

    OraclePropertyGraph opg = OraclePropertyGraph.getInstance( args, szGraphName); 
    OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader opgdl = OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader.getInstance();
    
    opgdl.loadDataWithExtTab(opg, szOPVFile, szOPEFile, 
                             lVertexOffsetlines /* offset of lines to start loading 
                                                   from partition, default 0 */, 
                             lEdgeOffsetlines /* offset of lines to start loading from 
                                                 partition, default 0 */, 
                             lVertexMaxlines /* maximum number of lines to start 
                                                loading from partition, default -1 
                                               (all lines in partition) */, 
                             lEdgeMaxlines /* maximum number of lines to start loading 
                                              from partition, default -1 (all lines in 
                                              partition) */, 
                             lVIDOffset /* vertex ID offset: the vertex ID will be 
                                          original vertex ID + offset, default 0 */, 
                             lEIDOffset /* edge ID offset: the edge ID will be 
                                          original edge ID + offset, default 0 */, 
                             4 /* DOP */, 
                             1 /* Total number of partitions, default 1 */, 
                             0 /* Partition to load (from 0 to totalPartitions - 1, 
                                  default 0) */, 
                             OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader.NAMEDPIPE 
                             /* splitter flag */, 
                             "chunkPrefix" /* prefix */, 
                             szExtDir /* database directory object */, 
                             true /* rebuild index flag */, 
                             "pddl=t,pdml=t" /* options */);
2.5.2.3 SQL*Loader-Based Data Loading

SQL*Loader-based data loading uses Oracle SQL*Loader to load the graph data into Oracle Database. SQL*Loader loads data from external files into Oracle Database tables. In this case, the vertices (or edges) in the given input stream will be spread among multiple chunks by the splitter thread. Each chunk will be processed by a different loader thread that inserts all the elements in the chunk into a temporary work table using SQL*Loader. The number of splitter and loader threads used is determined by the degree of parallelism (DOP) specified by the user.

After all the graph data is loaded into the temporary work table, the graph loader will load all the data stored in the temporary work tables into the property graph VT$ and GE$ tables.

The following code fragment loads the graph data from a vertex and edge files in Oracle flat-file format using a SQL-based parallel data loading with a degree of parallelism of 48. To use the APIs, the path to the SQL*Loader must be specified.

    String szUser = "username";
    String szPassword = "password";
    String szDbId = "db18c"; /*service name of the database*/
    String szOPVFile = "../../data/connections.opv"; 
    String szOPEFile = "../../data/connections.ope"; 
    String szSQLLoaderPath = "<YOUR_ORACLE_HOME>/bin/sqlldr";
    OraclePropertyGraph opg = OraclePropertyGraph.getInstance( args, szGraphName); 

    opgdl = OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader.getInstance(); 
    opgdl.loadDataWithSqlLdr(opg, szUser, szPassword, szDbId, 
                             szOPVFile, szOPEFile, 
                             48 /* DOP */, 
                             true /*named pipe flag */, 
                             szSQLLoaderPath /* SQL*Loader path: the path to 
                                                bin/sqlldr*/, 
                             true /*rebuild index */, 
                             "pddl=t,pdml=t" /* options */);

As with JDBC-based data loading, SQL*Loader-based data loading supports parallel data loading using a single file, multiple files, partitions, and fine-tuning.

Subtopics:

  • SQL*Loader-Based Data Loading with Multiple Files

  • SQL*Loader-Based Data Loading with Partitions

  • SQL*Loader-Based Parallel Data Loading Using Fine-Tuning

SQL*Loader-Based Data Loading with Multiple Files

SQL*Loader-based data loading supports loading vertices and edges from multiple files or input streams into the database. The following code fragment loads multiple vertex and edge files using the parallel data loading APIs. In the example, two string arrays szOPVFiles and szOPEFiles are used to hold the input files. 

    String szUser = "username";
    String szPassword = "password";
    String szDbId = "db18c"; /*service name of the database*/
    String[] szOPVFiles = new String[] {"../../data/connections-p1.opv", 
                                        "../../data/connections-p2.opv"}; 
    String[] szOPEFiles = new String[] {"../../data/connections-p1.ope", 
                                        "../../data/connections-p2.ope"}; 
    String szSQLLoaderPath = "../../../dbhome_1/bin/sqlldr";
    OraclePropertyGraph opg = OraclePropertyGraph.getInstance( args, szGraphName); 

    opgdl = OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader.getInstance(); 
    opgdl. loadDataWithSqlLdr (opg, szUser, szPassword, szDbId, 
                               szOPVFiles, szOPEFiles, 
                               48 /* DOP */, 
                               true /* named pipe flag */, 
                               szSQLLoaderPath /* SQL*Loader path */, 
                               true /* rebuild index flag */, 
                               "pddl=t,pdml=t" /* options */);

SQL*Loader-Based Data Loading with Partitions

When dealing with a large property graph, the SQL*Loader-based data loading API allows loading the graph data in Oracle flat-file format into Oracle Database using logical partitioning. Each partition represents a subset of vertices (or edges) in the graph data file of size that is approximately the number of distinct element IDs in the file divided by the number of partitions. Each partition is identified by an integer ID in the range of [0, Number of partitions – 1].

To use parallel data loading with partitions, you must specify the total number of partitions to use and the partition offset, in addition to the base parameters used in the loadDataWithSqlLdr API. To fully load a graph data file or input stream into the database, you must execute the data loading operation as many times as the defined number of partitions. For example, to load the graph data from a file using two partitions, there should be two data loading API calls using an offset of 0 and 1. Each call to the data loader can be processed using multiple threads or a separate Java client on a single system or multiple systems.

Note that this approach is intended to be used with a single vertex file (or input stream) and a single edge file (or input stream). Additionally, this option requires disabling the indexes and constraints on vertices and edges. These indexes and constraints must be rebuilt after all partitions have been loaded.

The example for JDBC-based data loading with partitions can be easily migrated to work as SQL*Loader- based loading with partitions. The only changes needed are to replace API loadData() with loadDataWithSqlLdr(), and supply some additional input parameters such as the location of SQL*Loader.

SQL*Loader-Based Parallel Data Loading Using Fine-Tuning

SQL Loader-based data loading supports fine-tuning the subset of data from a line to be loaded, as well as the ID offset to use when loading the elements into the property graph instance. You can specify the subset of data to load from a file by specifying the maximum number of lines to read from the file and the offset line number for both vertices and edges. This way, data will be loaded from the offset line number until the maximum number of lines has been read. If the maximum line number is -1, the loading process will scan the data until reaching the end of file.

Because graph data files may have some ID collisions, the SQL Loader-based data loading allows you to define a vertex and edge ID offset. This way, the ID of each loaded vertex will be obtained from the sum of the original vertex ID with the given vertex ID offset. Similarly, the ID of each loaded edge will be generated from the sum of the original edge ID with the given edge ID offset. Note that the vertices and edge files must be correlated, because the in/out vertex ID for the loaded edges will be modified with respect to the specified vertex ID offset. This operation is supported only in a data loading using a single partition.

The following code fragment loads the first 100 vertices and edges from the given graph data file. In this example, no ID offset is provided.

    String szUser = "username";
    String szPassword = "password";
    String szDbId = "db18c"; /* service name of the database */
    String szOPVFile = "../../data/connections.opv"; 
    String szOPEFile = "../../data/connections.ope"; 
    String szSQLLoaderPath = "../../../dbhome_1/bin/sqlldr";
    
    // Run the data loading using fine tuning 
    long lVertexOffsetlines = 0; 
    long lEdgeOffsetlines = 0; 
    long lVertexMaxlines = 100; 
    long lEdgeMaxlines = 100;
    long lVIDOffset = 0;
    long lEIDOffset = 0;
    OraclePropertyGraph opg = OraclePropertyGraph.getInstance( args, szGraphName); 
    OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader opgdl = OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader.getInstance();
    
    opgdl.loadDataWithSqlLdr(opg, szUser, szPassword, szDbId, 
                             szOPVFile, szOPEFile, 
                             lVertexOffsetlines /* offset of lines to start loading 
                                                   from partition, default 0*/, 
                             lEdgeOffsetlines /* offset of lines to start loading from 
                                                 partition, default 0*/, 
                             lVertexMaxlines /* maximum number of lines to start 
                                                loading from partition, default -1 
                                                (all lines in partition)*/, 
                             lEdgeMaxlines /* maximum number of lines to start loading 
                                              from partition, default -1 (all lines in 
                                              partition) */, 
                             lVIDOffset /* vertex ID offset: the vertex ID will be 
                                           original vertex ID + offset, default 0 */, 
                             lEIDOffset /* edge ID offset: the edge ID will be 
                                           original edge ID + offset, default 0 */, 
                             48 /* DOP */, 
                             1 /* Total number of partitions, default 1 */, 
                             0 /* Partition to load (from 0 to totalPartitions - 1, 
                                  default 0) */, 
                             OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader.NAMEDPIPE 
                             /* splitter flag */, 
                             "chunkPrefix" /* prefix */, 
                             szSQLLoaderPath /* SQL*Loader path: the path to 
                                                bin/sqlldr*/, 
                             true /* rebuild index */,
                             "pddl=t,pdml=t" /* options */);

2.5.3 Parallel Retrieval of Graph Data

The parallel property graph query provides a simple Java API to perform parallel scans on vertices (or edges). Parallel retrieval is an optimized solution taking advantage of the distribution of the data across table partitions, so each partition is queried using a separate database connection.

Parallel retrieval will produce an array where each element holds all the vertices (or edges) from a specific partition (split). The subset of shards queried will be separated by the given start split ID and the size of the connections array provided. This way, the subset will consider splits in the range of [start, start - 1 + size of connections array]. Note that an integer ID (in the range of [0, N - 1]) is assigned to all the splits in the vertex table with N splits.

The following code loads a property graph, opens an array of connections, and executes a parallel query to retrieve all vertices and edges using the opened connections. The number of calls to the getVerticesPartitioned (getEdgesPartitioned) method is controlled by the total number of splits and the number of connections used. 

OraclePropertyGraph opg = OraclePropertyGraph.getInstance(args, szGraphName);

// Clear existing vertices/edges in the property graph 
opg.clearRepository(); 

String szOPVFile = "../../data/connections.opv";
String szOPEFile = "../../data/connections.ope";

// This object will handle parallel data loading
OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader opgdl = OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader.getInstance();
opgdl.loadData(opg, szOPVFile, szOPEFile, dop); 

// Create connections used in parallel query
Oracle[] oracleConns = new Oracle[dop];
Connection[]   conns = new Connection[dop];
for (int i = 0; i < dop; i++) { 
  oracleConns[i] = opg.getOracle().clone();
  conns[i] = oracleConns[i].getConnection();
}

long lCountV = 0;
// Iterate over all the vertices’ partitionIDs to count all the vertices
for (int partitionID = 0; partitionID < opg.getVertexPartitionsNumber(); 
     partitionID += dop) { 
  Iterable<Vertex>[] iterables 
        = opg.getVerticesPartitioned(conns /* Connection array */, 
                                     true /* skip store to cache */, 
                                     partitionID /* starting partition */); 
  lCountV += consumeIterables(iterables); /* consume iterables using 
                                             threads */
}

// Count all vertices
System.out.println("Vertices found using parallel query: " + lCountV);

long lCountE = 0;
// Iterate over all the edges’ partitionIDs to count all the edges
for (int partitionID = 0; partitionID < opg.getEdgeTablePartitionIDs(); 
     partitionID += dop) { 
  Iterable<Edge>[] iterables 
          = opg.getEdgesPartitioned(conns /* Connection array */, 
                                    true /* skip store to cache */, 
                                    partitionID /* starting partitionID */); 
  lCountE += consumeIterables(iterables); /* consume iterables using 
                                             threads */
}

// Count all edges
System.out.println("Edges found using parallel query: " + lCountE);

// Close the connections to the database after completed
for (int idx = 0; idx < conns.length; idx++) { 
   conns[idx].close();
}

Parent topic: Using Java APIs for Property Graph Data

2.5.4 Using an Element Filter Callback for Subgraph Extraction

Oracle Spatial and Graph provides support for an easy subgraph extraction using user-defined element filter callbacks. An element filter callback defines a set of conditions that a vertex (or an edge) must meet in order to keep it in the subgraph. Users can define their own element filtering by implementing the VertexFilterCallback and EdgeFilterCallback API interfaces.

The following code fragment implements a VertexFilterCallback that validates if a vertex does not have a political role and its origin is the United States. 

/**
* VertexFilterCallback to retrieve a vertex from the United States 
* that does not have a political role 
*/
private static class NonPoliticianFilterCallback 
implements VertexFilterCallback
{
@Override
public boolean keepVertex(OracleVertexBase vertex) 
{
String country = vertex.getProperty("country");
String role = vertex.getProperty("role");

if (country != null && country.equals("United States")) {
if (role == null || !role.toLowerCase().contains("political")) {
return true;
}
}

return false;
}

public static NonPoliticianFilterCallback getInstance()
{
return new NonPoliticianFilterCallback();
}
}

The following code fragment implements an EdgeFilterCallback that uses the VertexFilterCallback to keep only edges connected to the given input vertex, and whose connections are not politicians and come from the United States. 

/**
 * EdgeFilterCallback to retrieve all edges connected to an input 
 * vertex with "collaborates" label, and whose vertex is from the 
 * United States with a role different than political
*/
private static class CollaboratorsFilterCallback 
implements EdgeFilterCallback
{
private VertexFilterCallback m_vfc;
private Vertex m_startV;

public CollaboratorsFilterCallback(VertexFilterCallback vfc, 
 Vertex v) 
{
m_vfc = vfc;
m_startV = v; 
}

@Override
public boolean keepEdge(OracleEdgeBase edge) 
{
if ("collaborates".equals(edge.getLabel())) {
if (edge.getVertex(Direction.IN).equals(m_startV) && 
m_vfc.keepVertex((OracleVertex) 
edge.getVertex(Direction.OUT))) {
return true;
}
else if (edge.getVertex(Direction.OUT).equals(m_startV) && 
 m_vfc.keepVertex((OracleVertex) 
edge.getVertex(Direction.IN))) {
return true;
}
}

return false;
}

public static CollaboratorsFilterCallback
getInstance(VertexFilterCallback vfc, Vertex v)
{
return new CollaboratorsFilterCallback(vfc, v);
}

}

Using the filter callbacks previously defined, the following code fragment loads a property graph, creates an instance of the filter callbacks and later gets all of Robert Smith’s collaborators who are not politicians and come from the United States.

OraclePropertyGraph opg = OraclePropertyGraph.getInstance(
 args, szGraphName);

// Clear existing vertices/edges in the property graph 
opg.clearRepository(); 

String szOPVFile = "../../data/connections.opv";
String szOPEFile = "../../data/connections.ope";

// This object will handle parallel data loading
OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader opgdl = OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader.getInstance();
opgdl.loadData(opg, szOPVFile, szOPEFile, dop); 

// VertexFilterCallback to retrieve all people from the United States // who are not politicians
NonPoliticianFilterCallback npvfc = NonPoliticianFilterCallback.getInstance();

// Initial vertex: Robert Smith
Vertex v = opg.getVertices("name", "Robert Smith").iterator().next();

// EdgeFilterCallback to retrieve all collaborators of Robert Smith 
// from the United States who are not politicians
CollaboratorsFilterCallback cefc = CollaboratorsFilterCallback.getInstance(npvfc, v);

Iterable<<Edge> smithCollabs = opg.getEdges((String[])null /* Match any 
of the properties */,
cefc /* Match the 
EdgeFilterCallback */
);
Iterator<<Edge> iter = smithCollabs.iterator();

System.out.println("\n\n--------Collaborators of Robert Smith from " +
 " the US and non-politician\n\n");
long countV = 0;
while (iter.hasNext()) {
Edge edge = iter.next(); // get the edge
// check if smith is the IN vertex
if (edge.getVertex(Direction.IN).equals(v)) {
 System.out.println(edge.getVertex(Direction.OUT) + "(Edge ID: " + 
 edge.getId() + ")"); // get out vertex
}
else {
System.out.println(edge.getVertex(Direction.IN)+ "(Edge ID: " + 
 edge.getId() + ")"); // get in vertex
}

countV++;
}

By default, all reading operations such as get all vertices, get all edges (and parallel approaches) will use the filter callbacks associated with the property graph using the methods opg.setVertexFilterCallback(vfc) and opg.setEdgeFilterCallback(efc). If there is no filter callback set, then all the vertices (or edges) and edges will be retrieved.

The following code fragment uses the default edge filter callback set on the property graph to retrieve the edges.

// VertexFilterCallback to retrieve all people from the United States // who are not politicians
NonPoliticianFilterCallback npvfc = NonPoliticianFilterCallback.getInstance();

// Initial vertex: Robert Smith
Vertex v = opg.getVertices("name", "Robert Smith").iterator().next();

// EdgeFilterCallback to retrieve all collaborators of Robert Smith 
// from the United States who are not politicians
CollaboratorsFilterCallback cefc = CollaboratorsFilterCallback.getInstance(npvfc, v);

opg.setEdgeFilterCallback(cefc);

Iterable<Edge> smithCollabs = opg.getEdges();
Iterator<Edge> iter = smithCollabs.iterator();

System.out.println("\n\n--------Collaborators of Robert Smith from " +
 " the US and non-politician\n\n");
long countV = 0;
while (iter.hasNext()) {
Edge edge = iter.next(); // get the edge
// check if smith is the IN vertex
if (edge.getVertex(Direction.IN).equals(v)) {
 System.out.println(edge.getVertex(Direction.OUT) + "(Edge ID: " + 
 edge.getId() + ")"); // get out vertex
}
else {
System.out.println(edge.getVertex(Direction.IN)+ "(Edge ID: " + 
 edge.getId() + ")"); // get in vertex
}

countV++;
}

Parent topic: Using Java APIs for Property Graph Data

2.5.5 Using Optimization Flags on Reads over Property Graph Data

Oracle Spatial and Graph provides support for optimization flags to improve graph iteration performance. Optimization flags allow processing vertices (or edges) as objects with none or minimal information, such as ID, label, and/or incoming/outgoing vertices. This way, the time required to process each vertex (or edge) during iteration is reduced.

The following table shows the optimization flags available when processing vertices (or edges) in a property graph.

Optimization Flag Description
DO_NOT_CREATE_OBJECT Use a predefined constant object when processing vertices or edges.
JUST_EDGE_ID Construct edge objects with ID only when processing edges.
JUST_LABEL_EDGE_ID Construct edge objects with ID and label only when processing edges.
JUST_LABEL_VERTEX_EDGE_ID Construct edge objects with ID, label, and in/out vertex IDs only when processing edges
JUST_VERTEX_EDGE_ID Construct edge objects with just ID and in/out vertex IDs when processing edges.
JUST_VERTEX_ID Construct vertex objects with ID only when processing vertices.

The following code fragment uses a set of optimization flags to retrieve only all the IDs from the vertices and edges in the property graph. The objects retrieved by reading all vertices and edges will include only the IDs and no Key/Value properties or additional information.

import oracle.pg.common.OraclePropertyGraphBase.OptimizationFlag;
OraclePropertyGraph opg = OraclePropertyGraph.getInstance(
 args, szGraphName);

// Clear existing vertices/edges in the property graph 
opg.clearRepository(); 

String szOPVFile = "../../data/connections.opv";
String szOPEFile = "../../data/connections.ope";

// This object will handle parallel data loading
OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader opgdl = OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader.getInstance();
opgdl.loadData(opg, szOPVFile, szOPEFile, dop); 


// Optimization flag to retrieve only vertices IDs
OptimizationFlag optFlagVertex = OptimizationFlag.JUST_VERTEX_ID;

// Optimization flag to retrieve only edges IDs
OptimizationFlag optFlagEdge = OptimizationFlag.JUST_EDGE_ID;

// Print all vertices
Iterator<Vertex> vertices = 
opg.getVertices((String[])null /* Match any of the 
properties */,
null /* Match the VertexFilterCallback */, 
optFlagVertex /* optimization flag */ 
).iterator();

System.out.println("----- Vertices IDs----");
long vCount = 0;
while (vertices.hasNext()) {
OracleVertex v = vertices.next();
System.out.println((Long) v.getId());
vCount++;
}
System.out.println("Vertices found: " + vCount);


// Print all edges
Iterator<Edge> edges =
opg.getEdges((String[])null /* Match any of the properties */,
null /* Match the EdgeFilterCallback */, 
optFlagEdge /* optimization flag */ 
).iterator();

System.out.println("----- Edges ----");
long eCount = 0;
while (edges.hasNext()) {
Edge e = edges.next();
System.out.println((Long) e.getId());
eCount++;
}
System.out.println("Edges found: " + eCount);

By default, all reading operations such as get all vertices, get all edges (and parallel approaches) will use the optimization flag associated with the property graph using the method opg.setDefaultVertexOptFlag(optFlagVertex) and opg.setDefaultEdgeOptFlag(optFlagEdge). If the optimization flags for processing vertices and edges are not defined, then all the information about the vertices and edges will be retrieved.

The following code fragment uses the default optimization flags set on the property graph to retrieve only all the IDs from its vertices and edges.

import oracle.pg.common.OraclePropertyGraphBase.OptimizationFlag;

// Optimization flag to retrieve only vertices IDs
OptimizationFlag optFlagVertex = OptimizationFlag.JUST_VERTEX_ID;

// Optimization flag to retrieve only edges IDs
OptimizationFlag optFlagEdge = OptimizationFlag.JUST_EDGE_ID;

opg.setDefaultVertexOptFlag(optFlagVertex);
opg.setDefaultEdgeOptFlag(optFlagEdge);

Iterator<Vertex> vertices = opg.getVertices().iterator();
System.out.println("----- Vertices IDs----");
long vCount = 0;
while (vertices.hasNext()) {
OracleVertex v = vertices.next();
System.out.println((Long) v.getId());
vCount++;
}
System.out.println("Vertices found: " + vCount);


// Print all edges
Iterator<Edge> edges = opg.getEdges().iterator();
System.out.println("----- Edges ----");
long eCount = 0;
while (edges.hasNext()) {
Edge e = edges.next();
System.out.println((Long) e.getId());
eCount++;
}
System.out.println("Edges found: " + eCount);

Parent topic: Using Java APIs for Property Graph Data

2.5.6 Adding and Removing Attributes of a Property Graph Subgraph

Oracle Spatial and Graph supports updating attributes (key/value pairs) to a subgraph of vertices and/or edges by using a user-customized operation callback. An operation callback defines a set of conditions that a vertex (or an edge) must meet in order to update it (either add or remove the given attribute and value).

You can define your own attribute operations by implementing the VertexOpCallback and EdgeOpCallback API interfaces. You must override the needOp method, which defines the conditions to be satisfied by the vertices (or edges) to be included in the update operation, as well as the getAttributeKeyName and getAttributeKeyValue methods, which return the key name and value, respectively, to be used when updating the elements.

The following code fragment implements a VertexOpCallback that operates over the smithCollaborator attribute associated only with Robert Smith collaborators. The value of this property is specified based on the role of the collaborators. 

private static class CollaboratorsVertexOpCallback 
implements VertexOpCallback
{
private OracleVertexBase m_smith;
private List<Vertex> m_smithCollaborators;

public CollaboratorsVertexOpCallback(OraclePropertyGraph opg)
{
// Get a list of Robert Smith'sCollaborators
m_smith = (OracleVertexBase) opg.getVertices("name", 
 "Robert Smith")
.iterator().next();

Iterable<Vertex> iter = m_smith.getVertices(Direction.BOTH, 
"collaborates");
m_smithCollaborators = OraclePropertyGraphUtils.listify(iter);
}

public static CollaboratorsVertexOpCallback 
getInstance(OraclePropertyGraph opg)
{
return new CollaboratorsVertexOpCallback(opg);
}

/**
 * Add attribute if and only if the vertex is a collaborator of Robert 
 * Smith
*/
@Override
public boolean needOp(OracleVertexBase v)
{
return m_smithCollaborators != null && 
 m_smithCollaborators.contains(v);
}

@Override
public String getAttributeKeyName(OracleVertexBase v)
{
return "smithCollaborator";
}

/**
 * Define the property's value based on the vertex role
 */
@Override
public Object getAttributeKeyValue(OracleVertexBase v)
{
String role = v.getProperty("role");
role = role.toLowerCase();
if (role.contains("political")) {
return "political";
}
else if (role.contains("actor") || role.contains("singer") ||
 role.contains("actress") || role.contains("writer") ||
 role.contains("producer") || role.contains("director")) {
return "arts";
}
else if (role.contains("player")) {
return "sports";
}
else if (role.contains("journalist")) {
return "journalism";
}
else if (role.contains("business") || role.contains("economist")) {
return "business";
}
else if (role.contains("philanthropist")) {
return "philanthropy";
}
return " ";
}
}

The following code fragment implements an EdgeOpCallback that operates over the smithFeud attribute associated only with Robert Smith feuds. The value of this property is specified based on the role of the collaborators. 

private static class FeudsEdgeOpCallback 
implements EdgeOpCallback
{
private OracleVertexBase m_smith;
private List<Edge> m_smithFeuds;

public FeudsEdgeOpCallback(OraclePropertyGraph opg)
{
// Get a list of Robert Smith's feuds
m_smith = (OracleVertexBase) opg.getVertices("name", 
 "Robert Smith")
.iterator().next();

Iterable<Vertex> iter = m_smith.getVertices(Direction.BOTH, 
"feuds");
m_smithFeuds = OraclePropertyGraphUtils.listify(iter);
}

public static FeudsEdgeOpCallback getInstance(OraclePropertyGraph opg)
{
return new FeudsEdgeOpCallback(opg);
}

/**
 * Add attribute if and only if the edge is in the list of Robert Smith's 
 * feuds
*/
@Override
public boolean needOp(OracleEdgeBase e)
{
return m_smithFeuds != null && m_smithFeuds.contains(e);
}

@Override
public String getAttributeKeyName(OracleEdgeBase e)
{
return "smithFeud";
}

/**
 * Define the property's value based on the in/out vertex role
 */
@Override
public Object getAttributeKeyValue(OracleEdgeBase e)
{
OracleVertexBase v = (OracleVertexBase) e.getVertex(Direction.IN);
if (m_smith.equals(v)) {
v = (OracleVertexBase) e.getVertex(Direction.OUT);
}
String role = v.getProperty("role");
role = role.toLowerCase();

if (role.contains("political")) {
return "political";
}
else if (role.contains("actor") || role.contains("singer") ||
 role.contains("actress") || role.contains("writer") ||
 role.contains("producer") || role.contains("director")) {
return "arts";
}
else if (role.contains("journalist")) {
return "journalism";
}
else if (role.contains("player")) {
return "sports";
}
else if (role.contains("business") || role.contains("economist")) {
return "business";
}
else if (role.contains("philanthropist")) {
return "philanthropy";
}
return " ";
}
}

Using the operations callbacks defined previously, the following code fragment loads a property graph, creates an instance of the operation callbacks, and later adds the attributes into the pertinent vertices and edges using the addAttributeToAllVertices and addAttributeToAllEdges methods in OraclePropertyGraph. 

OraclePropertyGraph opg = OraclePropertyGraph.getInstance(
 args, szGraphName);

// Clear existing vertices/edges in the property graph 
opg.clearRepository(); 

String szOPVFile = "../../data/connections.opv";
String szOPEFile = "../../data/connections.ope";

// This object will handle parallel data loading
OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader opgdl = OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader.getInstance();
opgdl.loadData(opg, szOPVFile, szOPEFile, dop); 

// Create the vertex operation callback
CollaboratorsVertexOpCallback cvoc = CollaboratorsVertexOpCallback.getInstance(opg);

// Add attribute to all people collaborating with Smith based on their role
opg.addAttributeToAllVertices(cvoc, true /** Skip store to Cache */, dop);

// Look up for all collaborators of Smith
Iterable<Vertex> collaborators = opg.getVertices("smithCollaborator", "political");
System.out.println("Political collaborators of Robert Smith " + getVerticesAsString(collaborators));

collaborators = opg.getVertices("smithCollaborator", "business");
System.out.println("Business collaborators of Robert Smith " + 
getVerticesAsString(collaborators));

// Add an attribute to all people having a feud with Robert Smith to set
// the type of relation they have
FeudsEdgeOpCallback feoc = FeudsEdgeOpCallback.getInstance(opg);
opg.addAttributeToAllEdges(feoc, true /** Skip store to Cache */, dop);

// Look up for all feuds of Smith
Iterable<Edge> feuds = opg.getEdges("smithFeud", "political");
System.out.println("\n\nPolitical feuds of Robert Smith " + getEdgesAsString(feuds));

feuds = opg.getEdges("smithFeud", "business");
System.out.println("Business feuds of Robert Smith " + 
getEdgesAsString(feuds));

The following code fragment defines an implementation of VertexOpCallback that can be used to remove vertices having value philanthropy for attribute smithCollaborator, then call the API removeAttributeFromAllVertices; It also defines an implementation of EdgeOpCallback that can be used to remove edges having value business for attribute smithFeud, then call the API removeAttributeFromAllEdges. 

System.out.println("\n\nRemove 'smithCollaborator' property from all the" + 
 "philanthropy collaborators");
PhilanthropyCollaboratorsVertexOpCallback pvoc = PhilanthropyCollaboratorsVertexOpCallback.getInstance();

opg.removeAttributeFromAllVertices(pvoc);

System.out.println("\n\nRemove 'smithFeud' property from all the" + "business feuds");
BusinessFeudsEdgeOpCallback beoc = BusinessFeudsEdgeOpCallback.getInstance();

opg.removeAttributeFromAllEdges(beoc);

/**
 * Implementation of a EdgeOpCallback to remove the "smithCollaborators" 
 * property from all people collaborating with Robert Smith that have a 
 * philanthropy role
 */
private static class PhilanthropyCollaboratorsVertexOpCallback implements VertexOpCallback
{
  public static PhilanthropyCollaboratorsVertexOpCallback getInstance()
  {
     return new PhilanthropyCollaboratorsVertexOpCallback();
  }
  
  /**
   * Remove attribute if and only if the property value for   
   * smithCollaborator is Philanthropy
   */
  @Override
  public boolean needOp(OracleVertexBase v)
  {
    String type = v.getProperty("smithCollaborator");
    return type != null && type.equals("philanthropy");
  }

  @Override
  public String getAttributeKeyName(OracleVertexBase v)
  {
    return "smithCollaborator";
  }

  /**
   * Define the property's value. In this case can be empty
   */
  @Override
  public Object getAttributeKeyValue(OracleVertexBase v)
  {
    return " ";
  }
}

/**
 * Implementation of a EdgeOpCallback to remove the "smithFeud" property
 * from all connections in a feud with Robert Smith that have a business role
 */
private static class BusinessFeudsEdgeOpCallback implements EdgeOpCallback
{
  public static BusinessFeudsEdgeOpCallback getInstance()
  {
    return new BusinessFeudsEdgeOpCallback();
  }

  /**
   * Remove attribute if and only if the property value for smithFeud is       
   * business
   */
  @Override
  public boolean needOp(OracleEdgeBase e)
  {
    String type = e.getProperty("smithFeud");
    return type != null && type.equals("business");
  }

 @Override
 public String getAttributeKeyName(OracleEdgeBase e)
 {
   return "smithFeud";
 }

 /**
  * Define the property's value. In this case can be empty
  */
  @Override
  public Object getAttributeKeyValue(OracleEdgeBase e)
  {
    return " ";
  }
}

Parent topic: Using Java APIs for Property Graph Data

2.5.7 Getting Property Graph Metadata

You can get graph metadata and statistics, such as all graph names in the database; for each graph, getting the minimum/maximum vertex ID, the minimum/maximum edge ID, vertex property names, edge property names, number of splits in graph vertex, and the edge table that supports parallel table scans.

The following code fragment gets the metadata and statistics of the existing property graphs stored in an Oracle database.

// Get all graph names in the database
List<String> graphNames = OraclePropertyGraphUtils.getGraphNames(dbArgs);

for (String graphName : graphNames) {
OraclePropertyGraph opg = OraclePropertyGraph.getInstance(args, 
graphName);

System.err.println("\n Graph name: " + graphName);
System.err.println(" Total vertices: " + 
 opg.countVertices(dop));
 
System.err.println(" Minimum Vertex ID: " + 
 opg.getMinVertexID(dop));
System.err.println(" Maximum Vertex ID: " + 
 opg.getMaxVertexID(dop));

Set<String> propertyNamesV = new HashSet<String>();
opg.getVertexPropertyNames(dop, 0 /* timeout,0 no timeout */,
 propertyNamesV);

System.err.println(" Vertices property names: " + 
getPropertyNamesAsString(propertyNamesV));

System.err.println("\n\n Total edges: " + opg.countEdges(dop));
System.err.println(" Minimum Edge ID: " + opg.getMinEdgeID(dop));
System.err.println(" Maximum Edge ID: " + opg.getMaxEdgeID(dop));

Set<String> propertyNamesE = new HashSet<String>();
opg.getEdgePropertyNames(dop, 0 /* timeout,0 no timeout */, 
 propertyNamesE);

System.err.println(" Edge property names: " +
getPropertyNamesAsString(propertyNamesE));

System.err.println("\n\n Table Information: ");
System.err.println("Vertex table number of splits: " + 
 (opg.getVertexPartitionsNumber()));
System.err.println("Edge table number of splits: " + 
 (opg.getEdgePartitionsNumber()));
}

Parent topic: Using Java APIs for Property Graph Data

2.5.8 Merging New Data into an Existing Property Graph

In addition to loading graph data into an empty property graph in Oracle Database, you can merge new graph data into an existing (empty or non-empty) graph. As with data loading, data merging splits the input vertices and edges into multiple chunks and merges them with the existing graph in database in parallel.

When doing the merging, the flows are different depends on whether there is an overlap between new graph data and existing graph data. Overlap here means that the same key of a graph element may have different values in the new and existing graph data. For example, key weight of the vertex with ID 1 may have value 0.8 in the new graph data and value 0.5 in the existing graph data. In this case, you must specify whether the new value or the existing value should be used for the key.

The following options are available for graph data merging: JDB-based, external table-based, and SQL loader-based merging.

  • JDBC-Based Graph Data Merging

  • External Table-Based Data Merging

  • SQL Loader-Based Data Merging

JDBC-Based Graph Data Merging

JDBC-based data merging uses Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) APIs to load the new graph data into Oracle Database and then merge the new graph data into an existing graph.

The following example merges the new graph data from vertex and edge files szOPVFile and szOPEFile in Oracle-defined Flat-file format with an existing graph named opg, using a JDBC-based data merging with a DOP (degree of parallelism) of 48, batch size of 1000, and specified data merging options.

String szOPVFile = "../../data/connectionsNew.opv"; 
String szOPEFile = "../../data/connectionsNew.ope"; 
OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader opgdl = OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader.getInstance(); 
opgdl.mergeData(opg, szOPVFile, szOPEFile, 
     48 /*DOP*/, 
     1000 /*Batch Size*/, 
     true /*Rebuild index*/,  
     "pdml=t, pddl=t, no_dup=t, use_new_val_for_dup_key=t" /*Merge options*/);

To optimize the performance of the data merging operations, a set of flags and hints can be specified in the merging options parameter when calling the JDBC-based data merging. These hints include:

  • DOP: The degree of parallelism to use when merging the data. This parameter determines the number of chunks to generate when splitting the file, as well as the number of loader threads to use when merging the data into the property graph VT$ and GE$ tables.

  • Batch Size: An integer specifying the batch size to use for Oracle JDBC statements in batching mode.

  • Rebuild index: If set to true, the data loader will disable all the indexes and constraints defined over the property graph into which the data will be loaded. After all the data is merged into the property graph, all the original indexes and constraints will be rebuilt and enabled.

  • Merge options: An option (or multiple options separated by commas) to optimize the data merging operations. These options include:

    • PDML=T: enables parallel execution for DML operations for the database session used in the data loader. This hint is used to improve the performance of long-running batching jobs.

    • PDDL=T: enables parallel execution for DDL operations for the database session used in the data loader. This hint is used to improve the performance of long-running batching jobs.

    • NO_DUP=T: assumes the input new graph data does not have invalid duplicates. In a valid property graph, each vertex (or edge) can at most have one value for a given property key. In an invalid property graph, a vertex (or edge) may have two or more values for a particular key. As an example, a vertex, v, has two key/value pairs: name/"John" and name/"Johnny", and they share the same key.

    • OVERLAP=F: assumes there is no overlap between new graph data and existing graph data. That is, there is no key with multiple distinct values in the new and existing graph data.

    • USE_NEW_VAL_FOR_DUP_KEY=T: if there is overlap between new graph data and existing graph data, use the value in the new graph data; otherwise, use the value in the existing graph data.

External Table-Based Data Merging

External table-based data merging uses an external table to load new graph data into Oracle Database and then merge the new graph data into an existing graph.

External-table based data merging requires a directory object, where the files read by the external tables will be stored. This directory can be created using the following SQL*Plus statements:

create or replace directory tmp_dir as '/tmppath/';
grant read, write on directory tmp_dir to public;

The following example merges the new graph data from a vertex and edge files szOPVFile and szOPEFile in Oracle flat-file format with an existing graph opg using an external table-based data merging, a DOP (degree of parallelism) of 48, and specified merging options.

String szOPVFile = "../../data/connectionsNew.opv"; 
String szOPEFile = "../../data/connectionsNew.ope"; 
String szExtDir = "tmp_dir";
OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader opgdl = OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader.getInstance(); 
opgdl.mergeDataWithExtTab(opg, szOPVFile, szOPEFile, 
     48 /*DOP*/, 
     true /*Use Named Pipe for splitting*/, 
     szExtDir /*database directory object*/, 
     true /*Rebuild index*/,  
     "pdml=t, pddl=t, no_dup=t, use_new_val_for_dup_key=t" /*Merge options*/);

SQL Loader-Based Data Merging

SQL loader-based data merging uses Oracle SQL*Loader to load the new graph data into Oracle Database and then merge the new graph data into an existing graph.

The following example merges the new graph data from a vertex and edge files szOPVFile and szOPEFile in Oracle Flat-file format with an existing graph opg using an SQL loader -based data merging with a DOP (degree of parallelism) of 48 and the specified merging options. To use the APIs, the path to the SQL*Loader needs to be specified.

String szUser = "username";
String szPassword = "password";
String szDbId = "db18c"; /*service name of the database*/ 
String szOPVFile = "../../data/connectionsNew.opv"; 0
String szOPEFile = "../../data/connectionsNew.ope"; 
String szSQLLoaderPath = "<YOUR_ORACLE_HOME>/bin/sqlldr";    
OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader opgdl = OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader.getInstance(); 
opgdl.mergeDataWithSqlLdr(opg, szUser, szPassword, szDbId, szOPVFile, szOPEFile, 
     48 /*DOP*/, 
     true /*Use Named Pipe for splitting*/, 
     szSQLLoaderPath /* SQL*Loader path: the path to bin/sqlldr */, 
     true /*Rebuild index*/,  
     "pdml=t, pddl=t, no_dup=t, use_new_val_for_dup_key=t" /*Merge options*/);

Parent topic: Using Java APIs for Property Graph Data

2.5.9 Opening and Closing a Property Graph Instance

When describing a property graph, use these Oracle Property Graph classes to open and close the property graph instance properly:

  • OraclePropertyGraph.getInstance: Opens an instance of an Oracle property graph. This method has two parameters, the connection information and the graph name. The format of the connection information depends on whether you use HBase or Oracle NoSQL Database as the backend database.

  • OraclePropertyGraph.clearRepository: Removes all vertices and edges from the property graph instance.

  • OraclePropertyGraph.shutdown: Closes the graph instance.

For Oracle Database, the OraclePropertyGraph.getInstance method uses an Oracle instance to manage the database connection. OraclePropertyGraph has a set of constructors that let you set the graph name, number of hash partitions, degree of parallelism, tablespace, and options for storage (such as compression). For example: 

import oracle.pg.rdbms.*;
Oracle oracle = new Oracle(jdbcURL, username, password);

OraclePropertyGraph opg = OraclePropertyGraph.getInstance(oracle, graphName);
opg.clearRepository(); 
//     .
//     .  Graph description
//     .
// Close the graph instance
opg.shutdown();

If the in-memory analyst functions are required for an application, you should use GraphConfigBuilder to create a graph for Oracle Database, and instantiate OraclePropertyGraph with that graph name as an argument. For example, the following code snippet constructs a graph config, gets an OraclePropertyGraph instance, loads some data into that graph, and gets an in-memory analyst. 

import oracle.pgx.config.*;
import oracle.pgx.api.*;
import oracle.pgx.common.types.*;

...
 
PgNosqlGraphConfig cfg = GraphConfigBuilder. forPropertyGraphRdbms ()
       .setJdbcUrl("jdbc:oracle:thin:@<hostname>:1521:<sid>")
       .setUsername("<username>").setPassword("<password>")
       .setName(szGraphName)
       .setMaxNumConnections(8)
       .addEdgeProperty("lbl", PropertyType.STRING, "lbl")
       .addEdgeProperty("weight", PropertyType.DOUBLE, "1000000")
       .build();
 
  OraclePropertyGraph opg = OraclePropertyGraph.getInstance(cfg);  
 
  String szOPVFile = "../../data/connections.opv";
  String szOPEFile = "../../data/connections.ope";
 
  // perform a parallel data load
  OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader opgdl = OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader.getInstance();
  opgdl.loadData(opg, szOPVFile, szOPEFile, 2 /* dop */, 1000, true, "PDML=T,PDDL=T,NO_DUP=T,"); 
 
  ...
  PgxSession session = Pgx.createSession("session-id-1");
  PgxGraph g = session.readGraphWithProperties(cfg);

  Analyst analyst = session.createAnalyst();
  ...

Parent topic: Using Java APIs for Property Graph Data

2.5.10 Creating Vertices

To create a vertex, use these Oracle Property Graph methods:

  • OraclePropertyGraph.addVertex: Adds a vertex instance to a graph.

  • OracleVertex.setProperty: Assigns a key-value property to a vertex.

  • OraclePropertyGraph.commit: Saves all changes to the property graph instance.

The following code fragment creates two vertices named V1 and V2, with properties for age, name, weight, height, and sex in the opg property graph instance. The v1 properties set the data types explicitly. 

// Create vertex v1 and assign it properties as key-value pairs
Vertex v1 = opg.addVertex(1l);
  v1.setProperty("age",  Integer.valueOf(31));
  v1.setProperty("name", "Alice");
  v1.setProperty("weight", Float.valueOf(135.0f));
  v1.setProperty("height", Double.valueOf(64.5d));
  v1.setProperty("female", Boolean.TRUE);
  
Vertex v2 = opg.addVertex(2l);
  v2.setProperty("age",  27);
  v2.setProperty("name", "Bob");
  v2.setProperty("weight", Float.valueOf(156.0f));
  v2.setProperty("height", Double.valueOf(69.5d));
  v2.setProperty("female", Boolean.FALSE);

Parent topic: Using Java APIs for Property Graph Data

2.5.11 Creating Edges

To create an edge, use these Oracle Property Graph methods:

  • OraclePropertyGraph.addEdge: Adds an edge instance to a graph.

  • OracleEdge.setProperty: Assigns a key-value property to an edge.

The following code fragment creates two vertices (v1 and v2) and one edge (e1). 

// Add vertices v1 and v2
Vertex v1 = opg.addVertex(1l);
v1.setProperty("name", "Alice");
v1.setProperty("age", 31);

Vertex v2 = opg.addVertex(2l);  
v2.setProperty("name", "Bob");
v2.setProperty("age", 27);

// Add edge e1
Edge e1 = opg.addEdge(1l, v1, v2, "knows");
e1.setProperty("type", "friends");

Parent topic: Using Java APIs for Property Graph Data

2.5.12 Deleting Vertices and Edges

You can remove vertex and edge instances individually, or all of them simultaneously. Use these methods:

  • OraclePropertyGraph.removeEdge: Removes the specified edge from the graph.

  • OraclePropertyGraph.removeVertex: Removes the specified vertex from the graph.

  • OraclePropertyGraph.clearRepository: Removes all vertices and edges from the property graph instance.

The following code fragment removes edge e1 and vertex v1 from the graph instance. The adjacent edges will also be deleted from the graph when removing a vertex. This is because every edge must have an beginning and ending vertex. After removing the beginning or ending vertex, the edge is no longer a valid edge. 

// Remove edge e1
opg.removeEdge(e1);

// Remove vertex v1
opg.removeVertex(v1);

The OraclePropertyGraph.clearRepository method can be used to remove all contents from an OraclePropertyGraph instance. However, use it with care because this action cannot be reversed.

Parent topic: Using Java APIs for Property Graph Data

2.5.13 Reading a Graph from a Database into an Embedded In-Memory Analyst

You can read a graph from Oracle Database into an in-memory analyst that is embedded in the same client Java application (a single JVM). For the following example, a correct java.io.tmpdir setting is required. 

int dop = 8;                    // need customization
Map<PgxConfig.Field, Object> confPgx = new HashMap<PgxConfig.Field, Object>();
confPgx.put(PgxConfig.Field.ENABLE_GM_COMPILER, false);
confPgx.put(PgxConfig.Field.NUM_WORKERS_IO, dop);   // 
confPgx.put(PgxConfig.Field.NUM_WORKERS_ANALYSIS, dop); // <= # of physical cores
confPgx.put(PgxConfig.Field.NUM_WORKERS_FAST_TRACK_ANALYSIS, 2);
confPgx.put(PgxConfig.Field.SESSION_TASK_TIMEOUT_SECS, 0);  // no timeout set
confPgx.put(PgxConfig.Field.SESSION_IDLE_TIMEOUT_SECS, 0);  // no timeout set

PgRdbmsGraphConfig cfg = GraphConfigBuilder.forPropertyGraphRdbms().setJdbcUrl("jdbc:oracle:thin:@<your_db_host>:<db_port>:<db_sid>")
     .setUsername("<username>")
     .setPassword("<password>")
     .setName("<graph_name>")
     .setMaxNumConnections(8)
     .setLoadEdgeLabel(false)
     .build();
OraclePropertyGraph opg = OraclePropertyGraph.getInstance(cfg);
ServerInstance localInstance = Pgx.getInstance();
localInstance.startEngine(confPgx);
PgxSession session = localInstance.createSession("session-id-1"); // Put your session description here.

Analyst analyst = session.createAnalyst();

// The following call will trigger a read of graph data from the database
PgxGraph pgxGraph = session.readGraphWithProperties(opg.getConfig());

long triangles = analyst.countTriangles(pgxGraph, false);
System.out.println("triangles " + triangles);

// Remove edge e1
opg.removeEdge(e1);

// Remove vertex v1
opg.removeVertex(v1);

Parent topic: Using Java APIs for Property Graph Data

2.5.14 Specifying Labels for Vertices

The database and data access layer do not provide labels for vertices; however, you can treat the value of a designated vertex property as one or more labels. Such a transformation is relevant only to the in-memory analyst.

In the following example, a property "country" is specified in a call to setUseVertexPropertyValueAsLabel(), and the comma delimiter "," is specified in a call to setPropertyValueDelimiter(). These two together imply that values of the country vertex property will be treated as vertex labels separated by a comma. For example, if vertex X has a string value "US" for its country property, then its vertex label will be US; and if vertex Y has a string value "UK,CN", then it will have two labels: UK and CN. 

GraphConfigBuilder.forPropertyGraph... 
   .setName("<your_graph_name>")
   ...
  .setUseVertexPropertyValueAsLabel("country")
  .setPropertyValueDelimiter(",")
  .setLoadVertexLabels(true)
  .build();

Related Topics

Parent topic: Using Java APIs for Property Graph Data

2.5.15 Building an In-Memory Graph

In addition to Store the Database Password in a Keystore, you can create an in-memory graph programmatically. This can simplify development when the size of graph is small or when the content of the graph is highly dynamic. The key Java class is GraphBuilder, which can accumulate a set of vertices and edges added with the addVertex and addEdge APIs. After all changes are made, an in-memory graph instance (PgxGraph) can be created by the GraphBuilder.

The following Java code snippet illustrates a graph construction flow. Note that there are no explicit calls to addVertex, because any vertex that does not already exist will be added dynamically as its adjacent edges are created. 

import oracle.pgx.api.*;

PgxSession session = Pgx.createSession("example");
GraphBuilder<Integer> builder = session.newGraphBuilder();

builder.addEdge(0, 1, 2);
builder.addEdge(1, 2, 3);
builder.addEdge(2, 2, 4);
builder.addEdge(3, 3, 4);
builder.addEdge(4, 4, 2);

PgxGraph graph = builder.build();

To construct a graph with vertex properties, you can use setProperty against the vertex objects created. 

PgxSession session = Pgx.createSession("example");
GraphBuilder<Integer> builder = session.newGraphBuilder();

builder.addVertex(1).setProperty("double-prop", 0.1);
builder.addVertex(2).setProperty("double-prop", 2.0);
builder.addVertex(3).setProperty("double-prop", 0.3);
builder.addVertex(4).setProperty("double-prop", 4.56789);

builder.addEdge(0, 1, 2);
builder.addEdge(1, 2, 3);
builder.addEdge(2, 2, 4);
builder.addEdge(3, 3, 4);
builder.addEdge(4, 4, 2);

PgxGraph graph = builder.build();

To use long integers as vertex and edge identifiers, specify IdType.LONG when getting a new instance of GraphBuilder. For example: 

import oracle.pgx.common.types.IdType;
GraphBuilder<Long> builder = session.newGraphBuilder(IdType.LONG);

During edge construction, you can directly use vertex objects that were previously created in a call to addEdge. 

v1 = builder.addVertex(1l).setProperty("double-prop", 0.5)
v2 = builder.addVertex(2l).setProperty("double-prop", 2.0)

builder.addEdge(0, v1, v2)

As with vertices, edges can have properties. The following example sets the edge label by using setLabel: 

builder.addEdge(4, v4, v2).setProperty("edge-prop", "edge_prop_4_2").setLabel("label")

Parent topic: Using Java APIs for Property Graph Data

2.5.16 Dropping a Property Graph

To drop a property graph from the database, use the OraclePropertyGraphUtils.dropPropertyGraph method. This method has two parameters, the connection information and the graph name. For example: 

// Drop the graph
Oracle oracle = new Oracle(jdbcUrl, username, password);
OraclePropertyGraphUtils.dropPropertyGraph(oracle, graphName);

You can also drop a property graph using the PL/SQL API. For example:

EXECUTE opg_apis.drop_pg('my_graph_name');

Parent topic: Using Java APIs for Property Graph Data

2.5.17 Executing PGQL Queries

You can execute PGQL queries directly against Oracle Database with the PgqlStatement and PgqlPreparedStatement interfaces. See Executing PGQL Queries Directly Against Oracle Database for details.

Parent topic: Using Java APIs for Property Graph Data

2.6 Managing Text Indexing for Property Graph Data

Indexes in Oracle Spatial and Graph property graph support allow fast retrieval of elements by a particular key/value or key/text pair. These indexes are created based on an element type (vertices or edges), a set of keys (and values), and an index type.

Oracle Spatial and Graph supports the use of the Oracle Text indexing technology, which is a feature of Oracle Database.

Two types of indexing structures are supported.

  • Automatic text indexes provide automatic indexing of vertices or edges by a set of property keys. Their main purpose is to enhance query performance on vertices and edges based on particular key/value pairs.

  • Manual text indexes enable you to define multiple indexes over a designated set of vertices and edges of a property graph. You must specify what graph elements go into the index.

Oracle Spatial and Graph provides APIs to create manual and automatic text indexes over property graphs stored in Oracle Database. Indexes are managed using Oracle Text, a proprietary search and analysis engine. The rest of this section focuses on how to create text indexes using the property graph capabilities of the Data Access Layer.

Parent topic: Using Property Graphs in an Oracle Database Environment

2.6.1 Configuring a Text Index for Property Graph Data

The configuration of a text index is defined using an OracleIndexParameters object. This object includes information about the index such as search engine, location, number of directories (or shards), and degree of parallelism.

By default, text indexes are configured based on the OracleIndexParameters associated with the property graph using the method opg.setDefaultIndexParameters(indexParams). The initial creation of the automatic index delimits the configuration and text search engine for future indexed keys.

Indexes can also be created by specifying a different set of parameters. The following code fragment creates an automatic text index over an existing property graph using a Lucene engine with a physical directory.

// Create an OracleIndexParameters object to get Index configuration (search engine, etc).
OracleIndexParameters indexParams = OracleIndexParameters.buildFS(args)  
 
// Create auto indexing on above properties for all vertices
opg.createKeyIndex("name", Vertex.class, indexParams.getParameters());

Any index configuration operations cause updates to be made to the IT$ table, which is explained in Property Graph Tables (Detailed Information).

Parent topic: Managing Text Indexing for Property Graph Data

2.6.1.1 Configuring Text Indexes Using Oracle Text

Oracle Spatial and Graph supports automatic text indexes using Oracle Text. Oracle Text uses standard SQL to index, search, and analyze text values stored in the V column of the vertices (or edges) table. Because Oracle Text indexes all the existing K/V pairs of the vertices (or edges) in the property graph, this option can be used only with automatic text indexes and must use a wildcard ("*") indexed key parameter during the index creation.

Because the property graph feature uses an NVARCHAR typed column for a better support of Unicode, it is highly recommended that UTF8 (AL32UTF8) be used as the database character set.

To create an Oracle Text index on the vertices table (or edges table), the ALTER SESSION privilege is required. The following example grants the privilege.

SQL> grant alter session to <YOUR_USER_SCHEMA_HERE>;

If customization is required, grant EXECUTE on CTX_DDL, as in the following example.

SQL> grant execute on ctx_ddl to <YOUR_USER_SCHEMA_HERE>;

A text index using Oracle Text uses an OracleTextIndexParameters object. The configuration parameters for indexes using a Oracle Text include:

  • Preference owner: the owner of the preference.

  • Data store: the datastore preference specifying how the text values are stored. A datastore preference can be created using ctx_ddl.create_preference API as follows: 

    SQL> -- The following requires access privilege to CTX_DDL
SQL> exec ctx_ddl.create_preference('SCOTT.OPG_DATASTORE', 'DIRECT_DATASTORE');

    If the value is set to NULL, then the index will be created with CTXSYS.DEFAULT_DATASORE. This preference uses a DIRECT_DATASTORE type.

  • Filter: the filter preference determining how text is filtered for indexing. A filter preference can be created using ctx_ddl.create_preference, as follows: 

    SQL> -- The following requires access privilege to CTX_DDL
SQL> exec ctx_ddl.create_preference('SCOTT.OPG_FILTER', 'AUTO_FILTER');

    If the value is set to NULL, then the index will be created with CTXSYS.NULL_FILTER. This preference uses a NULL_FILTER type.

  • Storage: the storage preference specifying table space and creation parameters for tables associated with a Text index. A storage preference can be created using ctx_ddl.create_preference, as follows: 

    SQL> -- The following requires access privilege to CTX_DDL
SQL> exec ctx_ddl.create_preference('SCOTT.OPG_STORAGE', 'BASIC_STORAGE');

    If the value is set to NULL, then the index will be created with CTXSYS.DEFAULT_STORAGE. This preference uses a BASIC_STORAGE type.

  • Word list: the word list preference specifying the enabled query options. These query options may include stemming, fuzzy matching, substring, and prefix indexing. A data store preference can be created using ctx_ddl.create_preference, as follows: 

    SQL> -- The following example enables stemming and fuzzy matching for English.
SQL> exec ctx_ddl.create_preference('SCOTT.OPG_WORDLIST', 'BASIC_WORDLIST');

    If the value is set to NULL, then the index will be created with CTXSYS.DEFAULT_WORDLIST. This preference uses the language stemmer for your database language.

  • Stop list: the stop list preference specifying the list of words that are not meant to be indexed. A stop list preference can be created using ctx_ddl.create_stoplist .

    If the value is set to NULL, then the index will be created with CTXSYS.DEFAULT_STOPLIST. This preference uses the stoplist of your database language.

  • Lexer: the lexer preference specifying the language of the text to be indexed. A lexer preference can be created using ctx_ddl.create_preference, as follows: 

    SQL> -- The following requires access privilege to CTX_DDL
SQL> exec ctx_ddl.create_preference('SCOTT.OPG_AUTO_LEXER', 'AUTO_LEXER');

    If the value is set to NULL, then the index will be created with CTXSYS.DEFAULT_LEXER. This preference uses a BASIC_LEXER type with additional options based on the language used at installation time.

The following code fragment creates the configuration for a text index using Oracle Text with default options and OPG_AUTO_LEXER.

String prefOwner = "scott";
String datastore = (String) null;
String filter = (String) null;
String storage = (String) null;
String wordlist = (String) null;
String stoplist = (String) null;
String lexer = "OPG_AUTO_LEXER";
String options = (String) null;

OracleIndexParameters params 
                  = OracleTextIndexParameters.buildOracleText(prefOwner,               
                                                              datastore, 
                                                              filter, 
                                                              storage, 
                                                              wordlist, 
                                                              stoplist, 
                                                              lexer, 
                                                              dop, 
                                                              options);

2.6.2 Using Automatic Indexes for Property Graph Data

An automatic text index provides automatic indexing of vertices or edges by a set of property keys. Its main purpose is to increase the speed of lookups over vertices and edges based on particular key/value pair. If an automatic index for the given key is enabled, then key/value pair lookups will be performed as a text search against the index instead of as a database lookup.

When specifying an automatic index over a property graph, use the following methods to create, remove, and manipulate an automatic index:

  • OraclePropertyGraph.createKeyIndex(String key, Class elementClass, Parameter[] parameters): Creates an automatic index for all elements of type elementClass by the given property key. The index is configured based on the specified parameters.

  • OraclePropertyGraph.createKeyIndex(String[] keys, Class elementClass, Parameter[] parameters): Creates an automatic index for all elements of type elementClass by using a set of property keys. The index is configured based on the specified parameters.

  • OraclePropertyGraph.dropKeyIndex(String key, Class elementClass): Drops the automatic index for all elements of type elementClass for the given property key.

  • OraclePropertyGraph.dropKeyIndex(String[] keys, Class elementClass): Drops the automatic index for all elements of type elementClass for the given set of property keys.

  • OraclePropertyGraph.getAutoIndex(Class elementClass): Gets an index instance of the automatic index for type elementClass.

  • OraclePropertyGraph.getIndexedKeys(Class elementClass): Gets the set of indexed keys currently used in an automatic index for all elements of type elementClass.

By default, indexes are configured based on the OracleIndexParameters associated with the property graph using the method opg.setDefaultIndexParameters(indexParams).

Indexes can also be created by specifying a different set of parameters. This is shown in the following code snippet.

// Create an OracleIndexParameters object to get Index configuration (search engine, etc).
OracleIndexParameters indexParams = OracleIndexParameters.buildFS(args)  
 
// Create auto indexing on above properties for all vertices
opg.createKeyIndex("name", Vertex.class, indexParams.getParameters());

The code fragment in the next example executes a query over all vertices to find all matching vertices with the key/value pair name:Robert Smith. This operation will execute a lookup into the text index.

Additionally, wildcard searches are supported by specifying the parameter useWildCards in the getVertices API call. Wildcard search is only supported when automatic indexes are enabled for the specified property key. 

// Find all vertices with name Robert Smith. 
    Iterator<Vertices> vertices = opg.getVertices("name", "Robert Smith").iterator();
    System.out.println("----- Vertices with name Robert Smith -----");
    countV = 0;
    while (vertices.hasNext()) {
      System.out.println(vertices.next());
      countV++;
    }
    System.out.println("Vertices found: " + countV);
 
   // Find all vertices with name including keyword "Smith"
   // Wildcard searching is supported.
    boolean useWildcard = true;
    Iterator<Vertices> vertices = opg.getVertices("name", "*Smith*").iterator();
    System.out.println("----- Vertices with name *Smith* -----");
    countV = 0;
    while (vertices.hasNext()) {
      System.out.println(vertices.next());
      countV++;
    }
    System.out.println("Vertices found: " + countV);

The preceding code example produces output like the following:

----- Vertices with name Robert Smith-----
Vertex ID 1 {name:str:Robert Smith, role:str:political authority, occupation:str:CEO of Example Corporation, country:str:United States, political party:str:Bipartisan, religion:str:Unknown}
Vertices found: 1
 
----- Vertices with name *Smith* -----
Vertex ID 1 {name:str:Robert Smith, role:str:political authority, occupation:str:CEO of Example Corporation, country:str:United States, political party:str:Bipartisan, religion:str:Unknown}
Vertices found: 1

Parent topic: Managing Text Indexing for Property Graph Data

2.6.3 Using Manual Indexes for Property Graph Data

Manual indexes support the definition of multiple indexes over the vertices and edges of a property graph. A manual index requires that you manually put, get, and remove elements from the index.

When describing a manual index over a property graph, use the following methods to add, remove, and manipulate a manual index:

  • OraclePropertyGraph.createIndex(String name, Class elementClass, Parameter[] parameters): Creates a manual index with the specified name for all elements of type elementClass.

  • OraclePropertyGraph.dropIndex(String name): Drops the given manual index.

  • OraclePropertyGraph.getIndex(String name, Class elementClass): Gets an index instance of the given manual index for type elementClass.

  • OraclePropertyGraph.getIndices(): Gets an array of index instances for all manual indexes created in the property graph.

Parent topic: Managing Text Indexing for Property Graph Data

2.6.4 Executing Search Queries Over a Property Graph’s Text Indexes

Oracle Spatial and Graph provides a set of utilities to execute text search queries over automatic and manual text indexes. These utilities vary from querying based on a particular key/value pair, to executing a text search over a single or multiple keys (with extended query options such as wildcards, fuzzy searches, and range queries).

Parent topic: Managing Text Indexing for Property Graph Data

2.6.4.1 Executing Search Queries Over a Text Index Using Oracle Text

Text search queries on Oracle Text are translated into SELECT SQL queries with a "contains"clause including a score range and ordering, and score ID. Oracle’s property graph includes an utility called OracleTextQueryObject, which lets you execute text search queries over an Oracle Text index.

The following code fragment creates an automatic index using Oracle Text, and executes a query over the text index by specifying a particular key/value pair.

String prefOwner = "scott";
String datastore = (String) null;
String filter = (String) null;
String storage = (String) null;
String wordlist = (String) null;
String stoplist = (String) null;
String lexer = "OPG_AUTO_LEXER";
String options = (String) null;

OracleIndexParameters params 
                  = OracleTextIndexParameters.buildOracleText(prefOwner,               
                                                              datastore, 
                                                              filter, 
                                                              storage, 
                                                              wordlist, 
                                                              stoplist, 
                                                              lexer, 
                                                              dop, 
                                                              options);

opg.setDefaultIndexParameters(indexParams);
    

// Create auto indexing on all existing properties, use wildcard for all
opg.createKeyIndex(("*", Vertex.class); 

// Get the auto index object
OracleIndex<Vertex> index = ((OracleIndex<Vertex>) opg.getAutoIndex(Vertex.class);

// Create the text query object for Oracle Text
OracleTextQueryObject otqo 
               = OracleTextQueryObject.getInstance("Smith" /* query body */, 
                                                   1 /* score */, 
                                                   ScoreRange.POSITIVE /* Score range */,   
                                                   Direction.ASC /* order by direction*/);
 
Iterator<Vertex> vertices = index.get("name", otqo).iterator();
System.out.println("----- Vertices with query: " + otqo.toString() + " -----");
countV = 0;
while (vertices.hasNext()) {
  System.out.println(vertices.next());
  countV++;
}
System.out.println("Vertices found: "+ countV);

You can filter the date type of the matching key/value pairs by specifying the data type class to execute the query against. The following code fragment executes a query over the text index to retrieve all properties with a String value including the word Smith. 

// Create the text query object for Oracle Text
OracleTextQueryObject otqo 
               = OracleTextQueryObject.getInstance("Smith" /* query body */, 
                                                   1 /* score */, 
                                                   ScoreRange.POSITIVE 
                                                   /* Score range */,   
                                                   Direction.ASC 
                                                   /* order by direction*/,
                                                   "name",
                                                   String.class);
 
Iterator<Vertex> vertices = index.get("name", otqo).iterator();
System.out.println("----- Vertices with query: " + otqo.toString() + " -----");
countV = 0;
while (vertices.hasNext()) {
  System.out.println(vertices.next());
  countV++;
}
System.out.println("Vertices found: "+ countV);

2.6.5 Handling Data Types

Oracle's property graph support indexes and stores an element's Key/Value pairs based on the value data type. The main purpose of handling data types is to provide extensive query support like numeric and date range queries.

By default, searches over a specific key/value pair are matched up to a query expression based on the value's data type. For example, to find vertices with the key/value pair age:30, a query is executed over all age fields with a data type integer. If the value is a query expression, you can also specify the data type class of the value to find by calling the API get(String key, Object value, Class dtClass, Boolean useWildcards). If no data type is specified, the query expression will be matched to all possible data types.

When dealing with Boolean operators, each subsequent key/value pair must append the data type's prefix/suffix so the query can find proper matches.

Parent topic: Managing Text Indexing for Property Graph Data

2.6.5.1 Handling Data Types on Oracle Text

Text indexes using Oracle Text are created over the K and V text columns of the property graph tables. In order to provide text indexing capabilities on all available data types, Oracle populates the V column with a string representation of numeric, spatial, and date time key/value pairs.

To specify the date time and numeric formats used when populating the V column, you can use the methods setNumberToCharSqlFormatString and setTimeToCharSqlFormatString. The following code snippet shows how to set the date time and numeric formats in a property graph instance. 

OraclePropertyGraph opg = OraclePropertyGraph.getInstance(args,       
                                                          szGraphName);
opg.setNumberToCharSqlFormatString("TM9");
opg.setTimeToCharSqlFormatString("SYYYY-MM-DD\"T\"HH24:MI:SS.FF9TZH:TZM");

When executing a text search query over a numeric or date time value, you should use a text expression using the format associated to the property graph. OraclePropertyGraph includes a utility API opg.parseValueToCharSQLFormatString that lets you parse a numeric or date time object into format used in the V column storage. The following code snippet calls this function with a date value and creates a text query object out of the retrieved text. 

Date d = new java.util.Date(100l);
String szDate = opg.parseValueToCharSQLFormatString(d);

// Create the text query object for Oracle Text
OracleTextQueryObject otqo 
               = OracleTextQueryObject.getInstance(szDate /* query body */, 
                                                   1 /* score */, 
                                                   ScoreRange.POSITIVE /* Score range */,   
                                                   Direction.ASC /* order by direction);

Parent topic: Handling Data Types

2.6.6 Updating Configuration Settings on Text Indexes for Property Graph Data

Oracle's property graph support manages manual and automatic text indexes through integration with Oracle Text.

At creation time, you must create an OracleIndexParameters object specifying the search engine and other configuration settings to be used by the text index. After a text index for property graph is created, these configuration settings cannot be changed.

For automatic indexes, all vertex index keys are managed by a single text index, and all edge index keys are managed by a different text index using the configuration specified when the first vertex or edge key is indexed.

If you need to change the configuration settings, you must first disable the current index and create it again using a new OracleIndexParameters object.

Parent topic: Managing Text Indexing for Property Graph Data

2.6.7 Using Parallel Query on Text Indexes for Property Graph Data

Text indexes in Oracle Spatial and Graph allow executing text queries over millions of vertices and edges by a particular key/value or key/text pair using parallel query execution.

Parallel text query will produce an array where each element holds all the vertices (or edges) with an attribute matching the given K/V pair from a shard. The subset of shards queried will be delimited by the given start sub-directory ID and the size of the connections array provided. This way, the subset will consider shards in the range of [start, start - 1 + size of connections array]. Note that an integer ID (in the range of [0, N - 1]) is assigned to all the shards in index with N shards.

Parent topic: Managing Text Indexing for Property Graph Data

2.6.7.1 Parallel Text Search Using Oracle Text

You can use parallel text query using Oracle Text by calling the method getPartitioned in OracleTextAutoIndex, specifying an array of connections to Oracle Text (Connection objects), the key/value pair to search, and the starting partition ID.

The following code fragment generates an automatic text index using Oracle Text and executes a parallel text query. The number of calls to the getPartitioned method in the OracleTextAutoIndex class is controlled by the total number of partitions in the VT$ (or GE$ tables) and the number of connections used. 

OraclePropertyGraph opg = OraclePropertyGraph.getInstance(…);
String prefOwner = "scott";
String datastore = (String) null;
String filter = (String) null;
String storage = (String) null;
String wordlist = (String) null;
String stoplist = (String) null;
String lexer = "OPG_AUTO_LEXER";
String options = (String) null;

OracleIndexParameters params 
                  = OracleTextIndexParameters.buildOracleText(prefOwner,               
                                                              datastore, 
                                                              filter, 
                                                              storage, 
                                                              wordlist, 
                                                              stoplist, 
                                                              lexer, 
                                                              dop, 
                                                              options);

opg.setDefaultIndexParameters(indexParams);
    

// Create auto indexing on all existing properties, use wildcard for all
opg.createKeyIndex(("*", Vertex.class); 


// Create the text query object for Oracle Text
OracleTextQueryObject otqo 
               = OracleTextQueryObject.getInstance("Smith" /* query body */, 
                                                   1 /* score */, 
                                                   ScoreRange.POSITIVE /* Score range */,   
                                                   Direction.ASC /* order by direction*/);

// Get the Connection object 
Connection[] conns = new Connection[dop];
for (int idx = 0; idx < conns.length; idx++) {
conns[idx] = opg.getOracle().clone().getConnection();
}

// Get the auto index object
OracleIndex<Vertex> index = ((OracleIndex<Vertex>) opg.getAutoIndex(Vertex.class);

// Iterate to cover all the partitions in the index
long lCount = 0;
for (int split = 0; split < index.getTotalShards(); 
 split += conns.length) {
  // Gets elements from split to split + conns.length
Iterable<Vertex>[] iterAr = index.getPartitioned(conns /* connections */, 
 "name"/* key */, 
 otqo, 
 true /* wildcards */, 
 split /* start split ID */);

lCount = countFromIterables(iterAr); /* Consume iterables in parallel */
}

// Close the connections
for (int idx = 0; idx < conns.length; idx++) {
conns[idx].dispose();
}

// Count results
System.out.println("Vertices found using parallel query: " + lCount);

2.7 Access Control for Property Graph Data (Graph-Level and OLS)

Oracle Graph supports two access control and security models: graph level access control, and fine-grained security through integration with Oracle Label Security (OLS).

  • Graph-level access control relies on grant/revoke to allow/disallow users other than the owner to access a property graph.

  • OLS for property graph data allows sensitivity labels to be associated with individual vertex or edge stored in a property graph.

The default control of access to property graph data stored in an Oracle Database is at the graph level: the owner of a graph can grant read, insert, delete, update and select privileges on the graph to other users.

However, for applications with stringent security requirements, you can enforce a fine-grained access control mechanism by using the Oracle Label Security option of Oracle Database. With OLS, for each query, access to specific elements (vertices or edges) is granted by comparing their labels with the user's labels. (For information about using OLS, see Oracle Label Security Administrator's Guide .)

With Oracle Label Security enabled, elements (vertices or edges) may not be inserted in the graph if the same elements exist in the database with a stronger sensitivity label. For example, assume that you have a vertex with a very sensitive label, such as: ( Vertex ID 1 {name:str:v1} "SENSITIVE" ). This actually prevents a low-privileged (PUBLIC) user from updating the vertex: ( Vertex ID 1 {name:str:v1} "PUBLIC" ). On the other hand, if a high-privileged user overwrites a vertex or an edge that had been created with a low-level security label, the newer label with higher security will be assigned to the vertex or edge, and the low-privileged user will not be able to see it anymore.

Parent topic: Using Property Graphs in an Oracle Database Environment

2.7.1 Applying Oracle Label Security (OLS) on Property Graph Data

This topic presents an example illustrating how to apply OLS to property graph data.

Because the property graph is stored in regular relational tables, this example is no different from applying OLS on a regular relational table. The following shows how to configure and enable OLS, create a security policy with security labels, and apply it to a property graph. The code examples are very simplified, and do not necessarily reflect recommended practices regarding user names and passwords.

  1. As SYSDBA, create database users named userP, userP2, userS, userTS, userTS2 and pgAdmin.

    CONNECT / as sysdba;

CREATE USER userP IDENTIFIED BY userPpass;
GRANT connect, resource, create table, create view, create any index TO userP;
GRANT unlimited TABLESPACE to userP;

CREATE USER userP2 IDENTIFIED BY userP2pass;
GRANT connect, resource, create table, create view, create any index TO userP2;
GRANT unlimited TABLESPACE to userP2;

CREATE USER userS IDENTIFIED BY userSpass;
GRANT connect, resource, create table, create view, create any index TO userS;
GRANT unlimited TABLESPACE to userS;

CREATE USER userTS IDENTIFIED BY userTSpass;
GRANT connect, resource, create table, create view, create any index TO userTS;
GRANT unlimited TABLESPACE to userTS;

CREATE USER userTS2 IDENTIFIED BY userTS2pass;
GRANT connect, resource, create table, create view, create any index TO userTS2;
GRANT unlimited TABLESPACE to userTS2;

CREATE USER pgAdmin IDENTIFIED BY pgAdminpass;
GRANT connect, resource, create table, create view, create any index TO pgAdmin;
GRANT unlimited TABLESPACE to pgAdmin;

  2. As SYSDBA, configure and enable Oracle Label Security.

    ALTER USER lbacsys IDENTIFIED BY lbacsys ACCOUNT UNLOCK;
EXEC LBACSYS.CONFIGURE_OLS;
EXEC LBACSYS.OLS_ENFORCEMENT.ENABLE_OLS;

  3. As SYSTEM, grant privileges to sec_admin and hr_sec.

    CONNECT system/<system-password>
GRANT connect, create any index to sec_admin IDENTIFIED BY password;
GRANT connect, create user, drop user, create role, drop any role TO hr_sec IDENTIFIED BY password;

  4. As LBACSYS, create the security policy.

    CONNECT lbacsys/<lbacsys-password>

BEGIN
SA_SYSDBA.CREATE_POLICY (
  policy_name => 'DEFENSE',
  column_name => 'SL',
  default_options => 'READ_CONTROL,LABEL_DEFAULT,HIDE');
END;
/

  5. As LBACSYS , grant DEFENSE_DBA and execute to sec_admin and hr_sec users.

    GRANT DEFENSE_DBA to sec_admin;
GRANT DEFENSE_DBA to hr_sec;

GRANT execute on SA_COMPONENTS to sec_admin;
GRANT execute on SA_USER_ADMIN to hr_sec;

  6. As SEC_ADMIN, create three security levels (For simplicity, compartments and groups are omitted here.)

    CONNECT sec_admin/<sec_admin-password>;

BEGIN
SA_COMPONENTS.CREATE_LEVEL ( 
  policy_name => 'DEFENSE', 
  level_num => 1000,
  short_name => 'PUB',
  long_name => 'PUBLIC'); 
END;
/
EXECUTE SA_COMPONENTS.CREATE_LEVEL('DEFENSE',2000,'CONF','CONFIDENTIAL');
EXECUTE SA_COMPONENTS.CREATE_LEVEL('DEFENSE',3000,'SENS','SENSITIVE');

  7. Create three labels.

    EXECUTE SA_LABEL_ADMIN.CREATE_LABEL('DEFENSE',1000,'PUB');
EXECUTE SA_LABEL_ADMIN.CREATE_LABEL('DEFENSE',2000,'CONF');
EXECUTE SA_LABEL_ADMIN.CREATE_LABEL('DEFENSE',3000,'SENS');

  8. As HR_SEC, assign labels and privileges.

    CONNECT hr_sec/<hr_sec-password>;

BEGIN
SA_USER_ADMIN.SET_USER_LABELS (
  policy_name => 'DEFENSE',
  user_name => 'UT',
  max_read_label => 'SENS',
  max_write_label => 'SENS',
  min_write_label => 'CONF',
  def_label => 'SENS',
  row_label => 'SENS');
END;
/

EXECUTE SA_USER_ADMIN.SET_USER_LABELS('DEFENSE', 'userTS', 'SENS');
EXECUTE SA_USER_ADMIN.SET_USER_LABELS('DEFENSE','userTS2','SENS');
EXECUTE SA_USER_ADMIN.SET_USER_LABELS('DEFENSE', 'userS', 'CONF');
EXECUTE SA_USER_ADMIN.SET_USER_LABELS ('DEFENSE', userP', 'PUB', 'PUB', 'PUB', 'PUB', 'PUB');
EXECUTE SA_USER_ADMIN.SET_USER_LABELS ('DEFENSE', 'userP2', 'PUB', 'PUB', 'PUB', 'PUB', 'PUB');
EXECUTE SA_USER_ADMIN.SET_USER_PRIVS ('DEFENSE', 'pgAdmin', 'FULL');

  9. As SEC_ADMIN, apply the security policies to the desired property graph. Assume a property graph with the name OLSEXAMPLE with userP as the graph owner. To apply OLS security, execute the following statements.

    CONNECT sec_admin/<password>;

EXECUTE SA_POLICY_ADMIN.APPLY_TABLE_POLICY ('DEFENSE', 'userP', 'OLSEXAMPLEVT$');
EXECUTE SA_POLICY_ADMIN.APPLY_TABLE_POLICY ('DEFENSE', 'userP', 'OLSEXAMPLEGE$');
EXECUTE SA_POLICY_ADMIN.APPLY_TABLE_POLICY ('DEFENSE', 'userP', 'OLSEXAMPLEGT$');
EXECUTE SA_POLICY_ADMIN.APPLY_TABLE_POLICY ('DEFENSE', 'userP', 'OLSEXAMPLESS$');

Now Oracle Label Security has sensitivity labels to be associated with individual vertices or edges stored in the property graph.

The following example shows how to create a property graph with name OLSEXAMPLE, and an example flow to demonstrate the behavior when different users with different security labels create, read, and write graph elements.

// Create Oracle Property Graph
String graphName = "OLSEXAMPLE";
Oracle connPub = new Oracle("jdbc:oracle:thin:@host:port:SID",  "userP", "userPpass");
OraclePropertyGraph graphPub = OraclePropertyGraph.getInstance(connPub, graphName, 48);

// Grant access to other users
graphPub.grantAccess("userP2",  "RSIUD"); // Read, Select, Insert, Update, Delete (RSIUD)
graphPub.grantAccess("userS",   "RSIUD");
graphPub.grantAccess("userTS",  "RSIUD");
graphPub.grantAccess("userTS2", "RSIUD");
 
// Load data
OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader opgdl = OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader.getInstance();
String vfile = "../../data/connections.opv";
String efile = "../../data/connections.ope";
graphPub.clearRepository();
opgdl.loadData(graphPub, vfile, efile, 48, 1000, true, null);
System.out.println("Vertices with user userP and PUBLIC LABEL: " + graphPub.countVertices()); // 78
System.out.println("Vertices with user userP and PUBLIC LABEL: " + graphPub.countEdges());  // 164

// Second user with a higher level 
Oracle connTS = new Oracle("jdbc:oracle:thin:@host:port:SID", "userTS", "userTpassS");
OraclePropertyGraph graphTS = OraclePropertyGraph.getInstance(connTS, "USERP", graphName, 8, 48, null, null);
System.out.println("Vertices with user userTS and SENSITIVE LABEL: " + graphTS.countVertices()); // 78
System.out.println("Vertices with user userTS and SENSITIVE LABEL: " + graphTS.countEdges());  // 164

// Add vertices and edges with the second user
long lMaxVertexID = graphTS.getMaxVertexID();
long lMaxEdgeID = graphTS.getMaxEdgeID();
long size = 10;
System.out.println("\nAdd " + size + " vertices and edges with user userTS and SENSITIVE LABEL\n");
for (long idx = 1; idx <= size; idx++) {
  Vertex v = graphTS.addVertex(idx + lMaxVertexID);
  v.setProperty("name", "v_" + (idx + lMaxVertexID));
  Edge e = graphTS.addEdge(idx + lMaxEdgeID, v, graphTS.getVertex(idx), "edge_" + (idx + lMaxEdgeID));
}
graphTS.commit();

// User userP with a lower level only sees the original vertices and edges, user userTS can see more
System.out.println("Vertices with user userP and PUBLIC LABEL: " + graphPub.countVertices()); // 78
System.out.println("Vertices with user userP and PUBLIC LABEL: " + graphPub.countEdges());  // 164
System.out.println("Vertices with user userTS and SENSITIVE LABEL: " + graphTS.countVertices()); // 88
System.out.println("Vertices with user userTS and SENSITIVE LABEL: " + graphTS.countEdges());  // 174

// Third user with a higher level 
Oracle connTS2 = new Oracle("jdbc:oracle:thin:@host:port:SID", "userTS2", "userTS2pass");
OraclePropertyGraph graphTS2 = OraclePropertyGraph.getInstance(connTS2, "USERP", graphName, 8, 48, null, null);
System.out.println("Vertices with user userTS2 and SENSITIVE LABEL: " + graphTS2.countVertices()); // 88
System.out.println("Vertices with user userTS2 and SENSITIVE LABEL: " + graphTS2.countEdges());  // 174

// Fourth user with a intermediate level 
Oracle connS = new Oracle("jdbc:oracle:thin:@host:port:SID", "userS", "userSpass");
OraclePropertyGraph graphS = OraclePropertyGraph.getInstance(connS, "USERP", graphName, 8, 48, null, null);
System.out.println("Vertices with user userS and CONFIDENTIAL LABEL: " + graphS.countVertices()); // 78
System.out.println("Vertices with user userS and CONFIDENTIAL LABEL: " + graphS.countEdges());  // 164
   
// Modify vertices with the fourth user
System.out.println("\nModify " + size + " vertices with user userS and CONFIDENTIAL LABEL\n");
for (long idx = 1; idx <= size; idx++) {
  Vertex v = graphS.getVertex(idx);
  v.setProperty("security_label", "CONFIDENTIAL");
}
graphS.commit();

// User userP with a lower level that userS cannot see the new vertices
// Users userS and userTS can see them
System.out.println("Vertices with user userP with property security_label: " + OraclePropertyGraphUtils.size(graphPub.getVertices("security_label", "CONFIDENTIAL"))); // 0
System.out.println("Vertices with user userS with property security_label: " + OraclePropertyGraphUtils.size(graphS.getVertices("security_label", "CONFIDENTIAL"))); // 10
System.out.println("Vertices with user userTS with property security_label: " + OraclePropertyGraphUtils.size(graphTS.getVertices("security_label", "CONFIDENTIAL"))); // 10
System.out.println("Vertices with user userP and PUBLIC LABEL: " + graphPub.countVertices()); // 68
System.out.println("Vertices with user userTS and SENSITIVE LABEL: " + graphTS.countVertices()); // 88

The preceding example should produce the following output.

Vertices with user userP and PUBLIC LABEL: 78
Vertices with user userP and PUBLIC LABEL: 164
Vertices with user userTS and SENSITIVE LABEL: 78
Vertices with user userTS and SENSITIVE LABEL: 164

Add 10 vertices and edges with user userTS and SENSITIVE LABEL

Vertices with user userP and PUBLIC LABEL: 78
Vertices with user userP and PUBLIC LABEL: 164
Vertices with user userTS and SENSITIVE LABEL: 88
Vertices with user userTS and SENSITIVE LABEL: 174
Vertices with user userTS2 and SENSITIVE LABEL: 88
Vertices with user userTS2 and SENSITIVE LABEL: 174
Vertices with user userS and CONFIDENTIAL LABEL: 78
Vertices with user userS and CONFIDENTIAL LABEL: 164

Modify 10 vertices with user userS and CONFIDENTIAL LABEL

Vertices with user userP with property security_label: 0
Vertices with user userS with property security_label: 10
Vertices with user userTS with property security_label: 10
Vertices with user userP and PUBLIC LABEL: 68
Vertices with user userTS and SENSITIVE LABEL: 88

Parent topic: Access Control for Property Graph Data (Graph-Level and OLS)

2.8 Using the Groovy-Based Shell with Property Graph Data

The Oracle Graph property graph support includes a built-in Groovy-based shell (based on the original Gremlin Groovy shell script). With this command-line shell interface, you can explore the Java APIs.

To use this shell, you must first separately download and install Apache Groovy.

To start the shell, go to the <graph client home>/bin/ directory. Included is the script opg-groovy.

The following example connects to an Oracle database, gets an instance of OraclePropertyGraph with graph name myGraph, loads some example graph data, and gets the list of vertices and edges. 

$ sh ./opg-groovy
 
opg-rdbms> cfg = 
cfg = GraphConfigBuilder.forPropertyGraphRdbms() \
.setJdbcUrl("jdbc:oracle:thin:@127.0.0.1:1521:orcl")\
.setUsername("scott").setPassword("<password>") \
.setName("connections") .setMaxNumConnections(2)\
.setLoadEdgeLabel(false) \
.addEdgeProperty("weight", PropertyType.DOUBLE, "1000000") \
.build();

opg-rdbms> opg = OraclePropertyGraph.getInstance(cfg);
==>oraclepropertygraph with name myGraph
 
opg-rdbms> opgdl = OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader.getInstance();
==>oracle.pg.nosql.OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader@576f1cad
 
opg-rdbms> opgdl.loadData(opg, new FileInputStream("../../data/connections.opv"), new FileInputStream("../../data/connections.ope"), 4/*dop*/, 1000/*iBatchSize*/, true /*rebuildIndex*/, null /*szOptions*/); ==>null
 
opg-rdbms> opg.getVertices();
==>Vertex ID 5 {country:str:Italy, name:str:Pope Francis, occupation:str:pope, religion:str:Catholicism, role:str:Catholic religion authority}
[... other output lines omitted for brevity ...]
 
opg-rdbms>  opg.getEdges();
==>Edge ID 1139 from Vertex ID 64 {country:str:United States, name:str:Jeff Bezos, occupation:str:business man} =[leads]=> Vertex ID 37 {country:str:United States, name:str:Amazon, type:str:online retailing} edgeKV[{weight:flo:1.0}]
[... other output lines omitted for brevity ...]

The following example customizes several configuration parameters for in-memory analytics. It connects to an Oracle database, gets an instance of OraclePropertyGraph with graph name myGraph, loads some example graph data, gets the list of vertices and edges, gets an in-memory analyst, and executes one of the built-in analytics, triangle counting. 

$ sh ./opg-groovy
opg-rdbms>
opg-rdbms> dop=2;   // degree of parallelism
==>2
opg-rdbms> confPgx = new HashMap<PgxConfig.Field, Object>();
opg-rdbms> confPgx.put(PgxConfig.Field.ENABLE_GM_COMPILER, false);
==>null
opg-rdbms> confPgx.put(PgxConfig.Field.NUM_WORKERS_IO, dop);
==>null
opg-rdbms> confPgx.put(PgxConfig.Field.NUM_WORKERS_ANALYSIS, 3);
==>null
opg-rdbms> confPgx.put(PgxConfig.Field.NUM_WORKERS_FAST_TRACK_ANALYSIS, 2);
==>null
opg-rdbms> confPgx.put(PgxConfig.Field.SESSION_TASK_TIMEOUT_SECS, 0);
==>null
opg-rdbms> confPgx.put(PgxConfig.Field.SESSION_IDLE_TIMEOUT_SECS, 0);
==>null
opg-rdbms> instance = Pgx.getInstance()
==>null
opg-rdbms> instance.startEngine(confPgx) 
==>null

opg-rdbms> 
cfg = GraphConfigBuilder.forPropertyGraphRdbms() \
.setJdbcUrl("jdbc:oracle:thin:@127.0.0.1:1521:orcl")\
.setUsername("scott").setPassword("<password>") \
.setName("connections") .setMaxNumConnections(2)\
.setLoadEdgeLabel(false) \
.addEdgeProperty("weight", PropertyType.DOUBLE, "1000000") \
.build(); 
opg-rdbms> opg = OraclePropertyGraph.getInstance(cfg);  
==>oraclepropertygraph with name myGraph
 
opg-rdbms> opgdl = OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader.getInstance();
==>oracle.pg.hbase.OraclePropertyGraphDataLoader@3451289b
 
opg-rdbms> opgdl.loadData(opg, "../../data/connections.opv", "../../data/connections.ope", 4/*dop*/, 1000/*iBatchSize*/, true /*rebuildIndex*/, null /*szOptions*/);
==>null
 
opg-rdbms> opg.getVertices();
==>Vertex ID 78 {country:str:United States, name:str:Hosain Rahman, occupation:str:CEO of Jawbone}
...
 
opg-rdbms> opg.getEdges();
==>Edge ID 1139 from Vertex ID 64 {country:str:United States, name:str:Jeff Bezos, occupation:str:business man} =[leads]=> Vertex ID 37 {country:str:United States, name:str:Amazon, type:str:online retailing} edgeKV[{weight:flo:1.0}]
[... other output lines omitted for brevity ...]
 
opg-rdbms> session = Pgx.createSession("session-id-1");
opg-rdbms> g = session.readGraphWithProperties(cfg);
opg-rdbms> analyst = session.createAnalyst();
 
opg-rdbms>  triangles = analyst.countTriangles(false).get();
==>22

For detailed information about the Java APIs, see the Javadoc reference information.

Parent topic: Using Property Graphs in an Oracle Database Environment

2.9 Using the Graph Zeppelin Interpreter Client

Oracle Graph provides an interpreter client implementation for Apache Zeppelin. This tutorial topic explains how to install the graph interpreter into your local Zeppelin installation and to perform simple operations.

Installing the Interpreter

The following steps were tested with Zeppelin version 0.9, and might have to be modified with newer versions.

  1. If you have not already done so, download and install Apache Zeppelin.

    Note:

    Apache Zeppelin requires Java 8.

  2. If you have not already done so, download and install Apache Groovy 2.4.x.

  3. Copy libraries:
    • Copy the libraries from the Oracle Graph Client for Apache Zeppelin package into $ZEPPELIN_HOME/interpreter/pgx. For example:
      unzip oracle-graph-zeppelin-interpreter-20.4.0.zip -d $ZEPPELIN_HOME/interpreter/pgx
    • Copy the libraries inside $GROOVY_HOME/lib into $ZEPPELIN_HOME/interpreter/pgx. For example:
      cp $GROOVY_HOME/lib/* $ZEPPELIN_HOME/interpreter/pgx
  4. Restart Zeppelin.

Using the Interpreter

If you named the graph interpreter pgx, you can send paragraphs to the graph server by starting the paragraphs with the %pgx directive, just as with any other interpreter.

The interpreter acts like a client that talks to a remote graph server. You cannot run a graph server instance embedded inside the Zeppelin interpreter. You must provide the graph server base URL and connection information as illustrated in the following example:

%pgx
import oracle.pgx.api.*
import groovy.json.*
 
baseUrl = '<base-url>'
username = '<username>'
password = '<password>'
 
conn = new URL("$baseUrl/auth/token").openConnection()
conn.setRequestProperty('Content-Type', 'application/json')
token = conn.with {
  doOutput = true
  requestMethod = 'POST'
  outputStream.withWriter { writer ->
    writer << JsonOutput.toJson([username: username, password: password])
  }
  return new JsonSlurper().parseText(content.text).access_token
}
 
instance = Pgx.getInstance(baseUrl, token)
session = instance.createSession("my-session")

The in-memory analyst Zeppelin interpreter evaluates paragraphs in the same way that the in-memory analyst shell does, and returns the output. Therefore, any valid in-memory analyst shell script will run in the in-memory analyst interpreter, as in the following example:

%pgx
g_brands = session.readGraphWithProperties("/opt/data/exommerce/brand_cat.json")
g_brands.getNumVertices()
rank = analyst.pagerank(g_brands, 0.001, 0.85, 100)
rank.getTopKValues(10)

The following figure shows the results of that query after you click the icon to execute it.

Description of pgx-zeppelin-results.jpg follows
Description of the illustration pgx-zeppelin-results.jpg

As you can see in the preceding figure, the Zeppelin interpreter automatically renders the values returned by rank.getTopKValues(10) as a Zeppelin table, to make it more convenient for you to browse results.

Besides the property values (getTopKValues(), getBottomKValues(), and getValues()), the following return types are automatically rendered as table also if they are returned from a paragraph:

  • PgqlResultSet - the object returned by the queryPgql("...") method of the PgxGraph class.
  • MapIterable - the object returned by the entries() method of the PgxMap class

All other return types and errors are returned as normal strings, just as the in-memory analyst shell does.

For more information about Zeppelin, see the official Zeppelin documentation.

Parent topic: Using Property Graphs in an Oracle Database Environment

2.10 Creating Property Graph Views on an RDF Graph

With Oracle Graph, you can view RDF data as a property graph to execute graph analytics operations by creating property graph views over an RDF graph stored in Oracle Database.

Given an RDF model (or a virtual model), the property graph feature creates two views, a <graph_name>VT$ view for vertices and a <graph_name>GE$ view for edges.

The PGUtils.createPropertyGraphViewOnRDF method lets you customize a property graph view over RDF data: 

public static void createPropertyGraphViewOnRDF( Connection conn /* a Connection instance to Oracle database */,
      String pgGraphName /* the name of the property graph to be created */,
      String rdfModelName /* the name of the RDF model */,
      boolean virtualModel /* a flag represents if the RDF model
                              is virtual model or not; 
                              true – virtual mode, false – normal model*/,
      RDFPredicate[] predListForVertexAttrs /* an array of RDFPredicate objects specifying how to create vertex view using these predicates; each RDFPredicate includes two fields: an URL of the RDF predicate, the corresponding name of vertex key in the Property Graph. The mapping from RDF predicates to vertex keys will be created based on this parameter.  */,
      RDFPredicate[] predListForEdges /* an array of RDFPredicate specifying how to create edge view using these predicates; each RDFPredicate includes two (or three) fields: an URL of the RDF predicate, the edge label in the Property Graph, the weight of the edge (optional). The mapping from RDF predicates to edges will be created based on this parameter. */)

This operation requires the name of the property graph, the name of the RDF Model used to generate the Property Graph view, and a set of mappings determining how triples will be parsed into vertices or edges. The createPropertyGraphViewOnRDF method requires a key/value mapping array specifying how RDF predicates are mapped to Key/Value properties for vertices, and an edge mapping array specifying how RDF predicates are mapped to edges. The PGUtils.RDFPredicate API lets you create a map from RDF assertions to vertices/edges.

Vertices are created based on the triples matching at least one of the RDF predicates in the key/value mappings. Each triple satisfying one of the RDF predicates defined in the mapping array is parsed into a vertex with ID based on the internal RDF resource ID of the subject of the triple, and a key/value pair whose key is defined by the mapping itself and whose value is obtained from the object of the triple.

The following example defines a key/value mapping of the RDF predicate URI http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title to the key/value property with property name title. 

String titleURL = "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title";
// create an RDFPredicate to specify how to map the RDF predicate to vertex keys
RDFPredicate titleRDFPredicate 
              = RDFPredicate.getInstance(titleURL /* RDF Predicate URI */ , 
                                         "title" /* property name */);

Edges are created based on the triples matching at least one of the RDF predicates in the edge mapping array. Each triple satisfying the RDF predicate defined in the mapping array is parsed into an edge with ID based on the row number, an edge label defined by the mapping itself, a source vertex obtained from the RDF Resource ID of the subject of the triple, and a destination vertex obtained from the RDF Resource ID of the object of the triple. For each triple parsed here, two vertices will be created if they were not generated from the key/value mapping.

The following example defines an edge mapping of the RDF predicate URI http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/reference to an edge with a label references and a weight of 0.5d. 

String referencesURL = "http://purl.org/dc/terms/references";
// create an RDFPredicate to specify how to map the RDF predicate to edges
RDFPredicate referencesRDFPredicate    
                      = RDFPredicate.getInstance(referencesURL, "references", 0.5d);

The following example creates a property graph view over the RDF model articles describing different publications, their authors, and references. The generated property graph will include vertices with some key/value properties that may include title and creator. The edges in the property graph will be determined by the references among publications. 

Oracle oracle = null;
Connection conn = null;
OraclePropertyGraph pggraph = null;
try {
  // create the connection instance to Oracle database
  OracleDataSource ds = new oracle.jdbc.pool.OracleDataSource();
  ds.setURL(jdbcUrl);
  conn = (OracleConnection) ds.getConnection(user, password);
 	
  // define some string variables for RDF predicates
  String titleURL = "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title";
  String creatorURL = "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator";
  String serialnumberURL = "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/serialnumber";
  String widthURL = "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/width";
  String weightURL = "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/weight";
  String onsaleURL = "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/onsale";
  String publicationDateURL = "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/publicationDate";
  String publicationTimeURL = "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/publicationTime";
  String referencesURL = "http://purl.org/dc/terms/references";
     
  // create RDFPredicate[] predsForVertexAttrs to specify how to map 
  // RDF predicate to vertex keys
  RDFPredicate[] predsForVertexAttrs = new RDFPredicate[8];
  predsForVertexAttrs[0] = RDFPredicate.getInstance(titleURL, "title");
  predsForVertexAttrs[1] = RDFPredicate.getInstance(creatorURL, "creator");
  predsForVertexAttrs[2] = RDFPredicate.getInstance(serialnumberURL, 
                                                    "serialnumber");
  predsForVertexAttrs[3] = RDFPredicate.getInstance(widthURL, "width");
  predsForVertexAttrs[4] = RDFPredicate.getInstance(weightURL, "weight");
  predsForVertexAttrs[5] = RDFPredicate.getInstance(onsaleURL, "onsale");
  predsForVertexAttrs[6] = RDFPredicate.getInstance(publicationDateURL, 
                                                    "publicationDate");
  predsForVertexAttrs[7] = RDFPredicate.getInstance(publicationTimeURL, 
                                                    "publicationTime");

  // create RDFPredicate[] predsForEdges to specify how to map RDF predicates to 
  // edges
  RDFPredicate[] predsForEdges = new RDFPredicate[1];
  predsForEdges[0] = RDFPredicate.getInstance(referencesURL, "references", 0.5d);
      
  // create PG view on RDF model
  PGUtils.createPropertyGraphViewOnRDF(conn, "articles", "articles", false, 
                                       predsForVertexAttrs, predsForEdges);

  // get the Property Graph instance
  oracle = new Oracle(jdbcUrl, user, password);
  pggraph = OraclePropertyGraph.getInstance(oracle, "articles", 24);

  System.err.println("------ Vertices from property graph view ------");
  pggraph.getVertices();
  System.err.println("------ Edges from property graph view ------");
  pggraph.getEdges();
}
finally {
  pggraph.shutdown();
  oracle.dispose();
  conn.close();
}

Given the following triples in the articles RDF model (11 triples), the output property graph will include two vertices, one for <http://nature.example.com/Article1> (v1) and another one for <http://nature.example.com/Article2> (v2). For vertex v1, it has eight properties, whose values are the same as their RDF predicates. For example, v1’s title is “All about XYZ”. Similarly for vertex v2, it has two properties: title and creator. The output property graph will include a single edge (eid:1) from vertex v1 to vertex v2 with an edge label “references” and a weight of 0.5d. 

<http://nature.example.com/Article1> <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title> “All about XYZ”^^xsd:string.
<http://nature.example.com/Article1> <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator> “Jane Smith”^^xsd:string. 
<http://nature.example.com/Article1> <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/serialnumber> “123456”^^xsd:integer.
<http://nature.example.com/Article1> <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/width> “10.5”^^xsd:float.
<http://nature.example.com/Article1> <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/weight> “1.08”^^xsd:double. 
<http://nature.example.com/Article1> <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/onsale> “false”^^xsd:boolean. 
<http://nature.example.com/Article1> <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/publicationDate> “2016-03-08”^^xsd:date) 
<http://nature.example.com/Article1> <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/publicationTime> “2016-03-08T10:10:10”^^xsd:dateTime) 
<http://nature.example.com/Article2> <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title> “A review of ABC”^^xsd:string.
<http://nature.example.com/Article2> <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator> “Joe Bloggs”^^xsd:string.
<http://nature.example.com/Article1> <http://purl.org/dc/terms/references> <http://nature.example.com/Article2>.

The preceding code will produce an output similar as the following. Note that the internal RDF resource ID values may vary across different Oracle databases.

------ Vertices from property graph view ------
Vertex ID 7299961478807817799 {creator:str:Jane Smith, onsale:bol:false, publicationDate:dat:Mon Mar 07 16:00:00 PST 2016, publicationTime:dat:Tue Mar 08 02:10:10 PST 2016, serialnumber:dbl:123456.0, title:str:All about XYZ, weight:dbl:1.08, width:flo:10.5}
Vertex ID 7074365724528867041 {creator:str:Joe Bloggs, title:str:A review of ABC}
------ Edges from property graph view ------
Edge ID 1 from Vertex ID 7299961478807817799 {creator:str:Jane Smith, onsale:bol:false, publicationDate:dat:Mon Mar 07 16:00:00 PST 2016, publicationTime:dat:Tue Mar 08 02:10:10 PST 2016, serialnumber:dbl:123456.0, title:str:All about XYZ, weight:dbl:1.08, width:flo:10.5} =[references]=> Vertex ID 7074365724528867041 {creator:str:Joe Bloggs, title:str:A review of ABC} edgeKV[{weight:dbl:0.5}]

Parent topic: Using Property Graphs in an Oracle Database Environment

2.11 Oracle Flat File Format Definition

A property graph can be defined in two flat files, specifically description files for the vertices and edges.

Parent topic: Using Property Graphs in an Oracle Database Environment

2.11.1 About the Property Graph Description Files

A pair of files describe a property graph:

  • Vertex file: Describes the vertices of the property graph. This file has an .opv file name extension.

  • Edge file: Describes the edges of the property graph. This file has an .ope file name extension.

It is recommended that these two files share the same base name. For example, simple.opv and simple.ope define a property graph.

Parent topic: Oracle Flat File Format Definition

2.11.2 Edge File

Each line in an edge file is a record that describes an edge of the property graph. A record can describe one key-value property of an edge, thus multiple records are used to describe an edge with multiple properties.

A record contains nine fields separated by commas. Each record must contain eight commas to delimit all fields, whether or not they have values:

edge_ID, source_vertex_ID, destination_vertex_ID, edge_label, key_name, value_type, value, value, value

The following table describes the fields composing an edge file record.

Table 2-2 Edge File Record Format

Field Number Name Description

1

edge_ID

An integer that uniquely identifies the edge

2

source_vertex_ID

The vertex_ID of the outgoing tail of the edge.

3

destination_vertex_ID

The vertex_ID of the incoming head of the edge.

4

edge_label

The encoded label of the edge, which describes the relationship between the two vertices

5

key_name

The encoded name of the key in a key-value pair

If the edge has no properties, then enter a space (%20). This example describes edge 100 with no properties: 

100,1,2,likes,%20,,,,

6

value_type

An integer that represents the data type of the value in the key-value pair:

  • 1 String
  • 2 Integer
  • 3 Float
  • 4 Double
  • 5 Timestamp (date)
  • 6 Boolean
  • 7 Long integer
  • 8 Short integer
  • 9 Byte
  • 10 Char
  • 20 Spatial
  • 101 Serializable Java object

7

value

The encoded, nonnull value of key_name when it is neither numeric nor timestamp (date)

8

value

The encoded, nonnull value of key_name when it is numeric

9

value

The encoded, nonnull value of key_name when it is a timestamp (date)

Use the Java SimpleDateFormat class to identify the format of the date. This example describes the date format of 2015-03-26Th00:00:00.000-05:00: 

SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss.SSSXXX"); encode(sdf.format((java.util.Date) value));

Required Grouping of Edges: An edge can have multiple properties, and the edge file includes a record (represented by a single line of text in the flat file) for each combination of an edge ID and a property for that edge. In the edge file, all records for each edge must be grouped together (that is, not have any intervening records for other edges. You can accomplish this any way you want, but a convenient way is to sort the edge file records in ascending (or descending) order by edge ID. (Note, however, an edge file is not required to have all records sorted by edge ID; this is merely one way to achieve the grouping requirement.)

When building an edge file in Oracle flat file format, it is important to verify that the edge property name and value fields are correctly encoded (see especially Encoding Special Characters). To simplify the encoding, you can use the OraclePropertyGraphUtils.escape Java API.

You can use the OraclePropertyGraphUtils.outputEdgeRecord(os, eid, svid, dvid, label, key, value) utility method to serialize an edge record directly in Oracle flat file format. With this method, you no longer need to worry about encoding of special characters. The method writes a new line of text in the given output stream describing the key/value property of the given edge identified by eid.

Example 2-2 Using OraclePropertyGraphUtils.outputEdgeRecord

This example uses OraclePropertyGraphUtils.outputEdgeRecord to write two new lines for edge 100 between vertices 1 and 2 with label friendOf. 

OutputStream os = new FileOutputStream("./example.ope");
int sinceYear = 2009;
long eid = 100;
long svid = 1;
long dvid = 2;
OraclePropertyGraphUtils.outputEdgeRecord(os, eid, svid, dvid, "friendOf", "since (year)", sinceYear);
OraclePropertyGraphUtils.outputEdgeRecord(os, eid, svid, dvid, "friendOf", "weight", 1);
os.flush();
os.close();

The first line in the generated output file describes the property “since (year)" with value 2009, and the second line and the next line sets the edge weight to 1.

% cat example.ope
100,1,2,friendOf,since%20(year),2,,2009,
100,1,2,friendOf,weight,2,,1,

Parent topic: Oracle Flat File Format Definition

2.11.3 Vertex File

Each line in a vertex file is a record that describes a vertex of the property graph. A record can describe one key-value property of a vertex, thus multiple records/lines are used to describe a vertex with multiple properties.

A record contains fields separated by commas. Each record must contain five commas to delimit first six fields, whether or not they have values. An optional seventh field can be added (delimited from the sixth field by a comma) to define a vertex label:

vertex_ID, key_name, value_type, value, value, value, vertex_label

The following table describes the fields composing a vertex file record.

Table 2-3 Vertex File Record Format

Field Number Name Description

1

vertex_ID

An integer that uniquely identifies the vertex

2

key_name

The name of the key in the key-value pair

If the vertex has no properties, then enter a space (%20). This example describes vertex 1 with no properties: 

1,%20,,,,

3

value_type

An integer that represents the data type of the value in the key-value pair:

  • 1 String
  • 2 Integer
  • 3 Float
  • 4 Double
  • 5 Timestamp (date)
  • 6 Boolean
  • 7 Long integer
  • 8 Short integer
  • 9 Byte
  • 10 Char
  • 20 Spatial data, which can be geospatial coordinates, lines, polygons, or Well-Known Text (WKT) literals
  • 101 Serializable Java object

4

value

The encoded, nonnull value of key_name when it is neither numeric nor date

5

value

The encoded, nonnull value of key_name when it is numeric

6

value

The encoded, nonnull value of key_name when it is a timestamp (date)

Use the Java SimpleDateFormat class to identify the format of the date. This example describes the date format of 2015-03-26T00:00:00.000-05:00: 

SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss.SSSXXX"); encode(sdf.format((java.util.Date) value));

7

vertex_label

The optional encoded label of the vertex, which can be used to describe the type or category of the vertex.

Required Grouping of Vertices: A vertex can have multiple properties, and the vertex file includes a record (represented by a single line of text in the flat file) for each combination of a vertex ID and a property for that vertex. In the vertex file, all records for each vertex must be grouped together (that is, not have any intervening records for other vertices. You can accomplish this any way you want, but a convenient way is to sort the vertex file records in ascending (or descending) order by vertex ID. (Note, however, a vertex file is not required to have all records sorted by vertex ID; this is merely one way to achieve the grouping requirement.)

When building an edge file in Oracle flat file format, it is important to verify that the vertex property name and value fields are correctly encoded (see especially Encoding Special Characters). To simplify the encoding, you can use the OraclePropertyGraphUtils.escape Java API.

You can use the OraclePropertyGraphUtils.outputVertexRecord(os, vid, key, value) utility method to serialize a vertex record directly in Oracle flat file format. With this method, you no longer need to worry about encoding of special characters. The method writes a new line of text in the given output stream describing the key/value property of the given vertex identified by vid.

Example 2-3 Using OraclePropertyGraphUtils.outputVertexRecord

This example uses OraclePropertyGraphUtils.outputVertexRecord to write two new lines for vertex 1. 

OutputStream os = new FileOutputStream("./example.opv");
long vid = 1;
String label = "person";
OraclePropertyGraphUtils.outputVertexRecord(os, vid, label, "name", "Robert Smith");
OraclePropertyGraphUtils.outputVertexRecord(os, vid, label, "birth year", 1961);
os.flush();
os.close();

The first line in the generated output file describes the property name with value "Robert Smith", and the second line describes his birth year of 1961.

% cat example.opv
1,name,1,Robert%20OSmith,,,person
1,birth%20year,2,,1961,,person

Parent topic: Oracle Flat File Format Definition

2.11.4 Encoding Special Characters

The encoding is UTF-8 for the vertex and edge files. The following table lists the special characters that must be encoded as strings when they appear in a vertex or edge property (key-value pair) or an edge label. No other characters require encoding.

Table 2-4 Special Character Codes in the Oracle Flat File Format

Special Character String Encoding Description

%

%25

Percent

\t

%09

Tab

(space)

%20

Space

\n

%0A

New line

\r

%0D

Return

,

%2C

Comma

Parent topic: Oracle Flat File Format Definition

2.11.5 Example Property Graph in Oracle Flat File Format

An example property graph in Oracle flat file format is as follows. In this example, there are two vertices (John and Mary), and a single edge denoting that John is a friend of Mary.

%cat simple.opv
1,age,2,,10,
1,name,1,John,,
2,name,1,Mary,,
2,hobby,1,soccer,,
 
%cat simple.ope
100,1,2,friendOf,%20,,,,

Parent topic: Oracle Flat File Format Definition

2.11.6 Converting an Oracle Database Table to an Oracle-Defined Property Graph Flat File

You can convert Oracle Database tables that represent the vertices and edges of a graph into an Oracle-defined flat file format (.opv and .ope file extensions).

If you have graph data stored in Oracle Database tables, you can use Java API methods to convert that data into flat files, and later load the tables into Oracle Database as a property graph. This eliminates the need to take some other manual approach to generating the flat files from existing Oracle Database tables.

Converting a Table Storing Graph Vertices to an .opv File

You can convert an Oracle Database table that contains entities (that can be represented as vertices of a graph) to a property graph flat file in .opv format.

For example, assume the following relational table: EmployeeTab (empID integer not null, hasName varchar(255), hasAge integer, hasSalary number)

Assume that this table has the following data:

101, Jean, 20, 120.0
102, Mary, 21, 50.0
103, Jack, 22, 110.0
……

Each employee can be viewed as a vertex in the graph. The vertex ID could be the value of employeeID or an ID generated using some heuristics like hashing. The columns hasName, hasAge, and hasSalary can be viewed as attributes.

The Java method OraclePropertyGraphUtils.convertRDBMSTable2OPV and its Javadoc information are as follows: 

/**
* conn: is an connect instance to the Oracle relational database
* rdbmsTableName: name of the RDBMS table to be converted
* vidColName is the name of an column in RDBMS table to be treated as vertex ID
* lVIDOffset is the offset will be applied to the vertex ID
* ctams defines how to map columns in the RDBMS table to the attributes
* dop degree of parallelism
* dcl an instance of DataConverterListener to report the progress and control the behavior when errors happen 
*/
OraclePropertyGraphUtils.convertRDBMSTable2OPV(
       Connection conn, 
       String rdbmsTableName, 
       String vidColName, 
       long lVIDOffset, 
       ColumnToAttrMapping[] ctams, 
       int dop, 
       OutputStream opvOS, 
       DataConverterListener dcl);

The following code snippet converts this table into an Oracle-defined vertex file (.opv): 

// location of the output file
String opv = "./EmployeeTab.opv"; 
OutputStream opvOS = new FileOutputStream(opv);
// an array of ColumnToAttrMapping objects; each object defines how to map a column in the RDBMS table to an attribute of the vertex in an Oracle Property Graph.
ColumnToAttrMapping[] ctams = new ColumnToAttrMapping[3];
// map column "hasName" to attribute "name" of type String
ctams[0] = ColumnToAttrMapping.getInstance("hasName", "name", String.class);
// map column "hasAge" to attribute "age" of type Integer
ctams[1] = ColumnToAttrMapping.getInstance("hasAge", "age", Integer.class);
// map column "hasSalary" to attribute "salary" of type Double
ctams[2] = ColumnToAttrMapping.getInstance("hasSalary", "salary",Double.class);
// convert RDBMS table "EmployeeTab" into opv file "./EmployeeTab.opv", column "empID" is the vertex ID column, offset 1000l will be applied to vertex ID, use ctams to map RDBMS columns to attributes, set DOP to 8
OraclePropertyGraphUtils.convertRDBMSTable2OPV(conn, "EmployeeTab", "empID", 1000l, ctams, 8, opvOS, (DataConverterListener) null);

Note:

The lowercase letter "l" as the last character in the offset value 1000l denotes that the value before it is a long integer.

The conversion result is as follows:

1101,name,1,Jean,,
1101,age,2,,20,
1101,salary,4,,120.0,
1102,name,1,Mary,,
1102,age,2,,21,
1102,salary,4,,50.0,
1103,name,1,Jack,,
1103,age,2,,22,
1103,salary,4,,110.0,

In this case, each row in table EmployeeTab is converted to one vertex with three attributes. For example, the row with data "101, Jean, 20, 120.0" is converted to a vertex with ID 1101 with attributes name/"Jean", age/20, salary/120.0. There is an offset between original empID 101 and vertex ID 1101 because an offset 1000l is applied. An offset is useful to avoid collision in ID values of graph elements.

Converting a Table Storing Graph Edges to an .ope File

You can convert an Oracle Database table that contains entity relationships (that can be represented as edges of a graph) to a property graph flat filein .ope format.

For example, assume the following relational table: EmpRelationTab (relationID integer not null, source integer not null, destination integer not null, relationType varchar(255), startDate date)

Assume that this table has the following data:

90001, 101, 102, manage, 10-May-2015
90002, 101, 103, manage, 11-Jan-2015
90003, 102, 103, colleague, 11-Jan-2015
……

Each relation (row) can be viewed as an edge in a graph. Specifically, edge ID could be the same as relationID or an ID generated using some heuristics like hashing. The column relationType can be used to define edge labels, and the column startDate can be treated as an edge attribute.

The Java method OraclePropertyGraphUtils.convertRDBMSTable2OPE and its Javadoc information are as follows: 

/**
* conn: is an connect instance to the Oracle relational database
* rdbmsTableName: name of the RDBMS table to be converted
* eidColName is the name of an column in RDBMS table to be treated as edge ID
* lEIDOffset is the offset will be applied to the edge ID
* svidColName is the name of an column in RDBMS table to be treated as source vertex ID of the edge
* dvidColName is the name of an column in RDBMS table to be treated as destination vertex ID of the edge
* lVIDOffset is the offset will be applied to the vertex ID
* bHasEdgeLabelCol a Boolean flag represents if the given RDBMS table has a column for edge labels; if true, use value of column elColName as the edge label; otherwise, use the constant string elColName as the edge label
* elColName is the name of an column in RDBMS table to be treated as edge labels
* ctams defines how to map columns in the RDBMS table to the attributes
* dop degree of parallelism
* dcl an instance of DataConverterListener to report the progress and control the behavior when errors happen 
*/
OraclePropertyGraphUtils.convertRDBMSTable2OPE(
        Connection conn, 
        String rdbmsTableName, 
        String eidColName, 
        long lEIDOffset, 
        String svidColName, 
        String dvidColName, 
        long lVIDOffset, 
        boolean bHasEdgeLabelCol, 
        String elColName, 
        ColumnToAttrMapping[] ctams, 
        int dop, 
        OutputStream opeOS, 
        DataConverterListener dcl);

The following code snippet converts this table into an Oracle-defined edge file (.ope): 

// location of the output file
String ope = "./EmpRelationTab.ope"; 
OutputStream opeOS = new FileOutputStream(ope);
// an array of ColumnToAttrMapping objects; each object defines how to map a column in the RDBMS table to an attribute of the edge in an Oracle Property Graph.
ColumnToAttrMapping[] ctams = new ColumnToAttrMapping[1];
// map column "startDate" to attribute "since" of type Date
ctams[0] = ColumnToAttrMapping.getInstance(“startDate", “since",Date.class);
// convert RDBMS table “EmpRelationTab" into ope file “./EmpRelationTab.opv", column “relationID" is the edge ID column, offset 10000l will be applied to edge ID, the source and destination vertices of the edge are defined by columns “source" and “destination", offset 1000l will be applied to vertex ID, the RDBMS table has an column “relationType" to be treated as edge labels, use ctams to map RDBMS columns to edge attributes, set DOP to 8
OraclePropertyGraphUtils.convertRDBMSTable2OPE(conn, “EmpRelationTab", “relationID", 10000l, “source", “destination", 1000l, true, “relationType", ctams, 8, opeOS, (DataConverterListener) null);

Note:

The lowercase letter “l" as the last character in the offset value 10000l denotes that the value before it is a long integer.

The conversion result is as follows:

100001,1101,1102,manage,since,5,,,2015-05-10T00:00:00.000-07:00
100002,1101,1103,manage,since,5,,,2015-01-11T00:00:00.000-07:00
100003,1102,1103,colleague,since,5,,,2015-01-11T00:00:00.000-07:00

In this case, each row in table EmpRelationTab is converted to a distinct edge with the attribute since. For example, the row with data “90001, 101, 102, manage, 10-May-2015" is converted to an edge with ID 100001 linking vertex 1101 to vertex 1102. This edge has attribute since/“2015-05-10T00:00:00.000-07:00". There is an offset between original relationID “90001" and edge ID “100001" because an offset 10000l is applied. Similarly, an offset 1000l is applied to the source and destination vertex IDs.

Parent topic: Oracle Flat File Format Definition

2.11.7 Converting CSV Files for Vertices and Edges to Oracle-Defined Property Graph Flat Files

Some applications use CSV (comma-separated value) format to encode vertices and edges of a graph. In this format, each record of the CSV file represents a single vertex or edge, with all its properties. You can convert a CSV file representing the vertices of a graph to Oracle-defined flat file format definition (.opv for vertices, .ope for edges).

The CSV file to be converted may include a header line specifying the column name and the type of the attribute that the column represents. If the header includes only the attribute names, then the converter will assume that the data type of the values will be String.

The Java APIs to convert CSV to OPV or OPE receive an InputStream from which they read the vertices or edges (from CSV), and write them in the .opv or .ope format to an OutputStream. The converter APIs also allow customization of the conversion process.

The following subtopics provide instructions for converting vertices and edges:

  • Vertices: Converting a CSV File to Oracle-Defined Flat File Format (.opv)

  • Edges: Converting a CSV File to Oracle-Defined Flat File Format (.ope)

The instructions for both are very similar, but with differences specific to vertices and edges.

Vertices: Converting a CSV File to Oracle-Defined Flat File Format (.opv)

If the CSV file does not include a header, you must specify a ColumnToAttrMapping array describing all the attribute names (mapped to its values data types) in the same order in which they appear in the CSV file. Additionally, the entire columns from the CSV file must be described in the array, including special columns such as the ID for the vertices. If you want to specify the headers for the column in the first line of the same CSV file, then this parameter must be set to null.

To convert a CSV file representing vertices, you can use one of the convertCSV2OPV APIs. The simplest of these APIs requires:

  • An InputStream to read vertices from a CSV file

  • The name of the column that is representing the vertex ID (this column must appear in the CSV file)

  • An integer offset to add to the VID (an offset is useful to avoid collision in ID values of graph elements)

  • A ColumnToAttrMapping array (which must be null if the headers are specified in the file)

  • Degree of parallelism (DOP)

  • An integer denoting offset (number of vertex records to skip) before converting

  • An OutputStream in which the vertex flat file (.opv) will be written

  • An optional DataConverterListener that can be used to keep track of the conversion progress and decide what to do if an error occurs

Additional parameters can be used to specify a different format of the CSV file:

  • The delimiter character, which is used to separate tokens in a record. The default is the comma character ',’.

  • The quotation character, which is used to quote String values so they can contain special characters, for example, commas. If a quotation character appears in the value of the String itself, it must be escaped either by duplication or by placing a backslash character '\' before it. Some examples are:

    • """Hello, world"", the screen showed…"

    • "But Vader replied: \"No, I am your father.\""

  • The Date format, which will be used to parse the date values. For the CSV conversion, this parameter can be null, but it is recommended to be specified if the CSV has a specific date format. Providing a specific date format helps performance, because that format will be used as the first option when trying to parse date values. Some example date formats are:

    • "yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss.SSSXXX"

    • "MM/dd/yyyy HH:mm:ss"

    • "ddd, dd MMM yyyy HH':'mm':'ss 'GMT'"

    • "dddd, dd MMMM yyyy hh:mm:ss"

    • "yyyy-MM-dd"

    • "MM/dd/yyyy"

  • A flag indicating if the CSV file contains String values with new line characters. If this parameter is set to true, all the Strings in the file that contain new lines or quotation characters as values must be quoted.

    • "The first lines of Don Quixote are:""In a village of La Mancha, the name of which I have no desire to call to mind""."

The following code fragment shows how to create a ColumnToAttrMapping array and use the API to convert a CSV file into an .opv file. 

    String inputCSV             = "/path/mygraph-vertices.csv";
    String outputOPV            = "/path/mygraph.opv"; 
    ColumnToAttrMapping[] ctams = new ColumnToAttrMapping[4];
    ctams[0]                    = ColumnToAttrMapping.getInstance("VID",   Long.class);
    ctams[1]                    = ColumnToAttrMapping.getInstance("name",  String.class);
    ctams[2]                    = ColumnToAttrMapping.getInstance("score", Double.class);
    ctams[3]                    = ColumnToAttrMapping.getInstance("age",   Integer.class);
    String vidColumn            = "VID";

    isCSV = new FileInputStream(inputCSV);
    osOPV = new FileOutputStream(new File(outputOPV));
      
    // Convert Vertices
    OraclePropertyGraphUtilsBase.convertCSV2OPV(isCSV, vidColumn, 0, ctams, 1, 0, osOPV, null);
    isOPV.close();
    osOPV.close();

In this example, the CSV file to be converted must not include the header and contain four columns (the vertex ID, name, score, and age). An example CVS is as follows:

1,John,4.2,30
2,Mary,4.3,32
3,"Skywalker, Anakin",5.0,46
4,"Darth Vader",5.0,46
5,"Skywalker, Luke",5.0,53

The resulting .opv file is as follows: 

1,name,1,John,,
1,score,4,,4.2,
1,age,2,,30,
2,name,1,Mary,,
2,score,4,,4.3,
2,age,2,,32,
3,name,1,Skywalker%2C%20Anakin,,
3,score,4,,5.0,
3,age,2,,46,
4,name,1,Darth%20Vader,,
4,score,4,,5.0,
4,age,2,,46,
5,name,1,Skywalker%2C%20Luke,,
5,score,4,,5.0,
5,age,2,,53,

Edges: Converting a CSV File to Oracle-Defined Flat File Format (.ope)

If the CSV file does not include a header, you must specify a ColumnToAttrMapping array describing all the attribute names (mapped to its values data types) in the same order in which they appear in the CSV file. Additionally, the entire columns from the CSV file must be described in the array, including special columns such as the ID for the edges if it applies, and the START_ID, END_ID, and TYPE, which are required. If you want to specify the headers for the column in the first line of the same CSV file, then this parameter must be set to null.

To convert a CSV file representing vertices, you can use one of the convertCSV2OPE APIs. The simplest of these APIs requires:

  • An InputStream to read vertices from a CSV file

  • The name of the column that is representing the edge ID (this is optional in the CSV file; if it is not present, the line number will be used as the ID)

  • An integer offset to add to the EID (an offset is useful to avoid collision in ID values of graph elements)

  • Name of the column that is representing the source vertex ID (this column must appear in the CSV file)

  • Name of the column that is representing the destination vertex ID (this column must appear in the CSV file)

  • Offset to the VID (lOffsetVID). This offset will be added on top of the original SVID and DVID values. (A variation of this API takes in two arguments (lOffsetSVID and lOffsetDVID): one offset for SVID, the other offset for DVID.)

  • A boolean flag indicating if the edge label column is present in the CSV file.

  • Name of the column that is representing the edge label (if this column is not present in the CSV file, then this parameter will be used as a constant for all edge labels)

  • A ColumnToAttrMapping array (which must be null if the headers are specified in the file)

  • Degree of parallelism (DOP)

  • An integer denoting offset (number of edge records to skip) before converting

  • An OutputStream in which the edge flat file (.ope) will be written

  • An optional DataConverterListener that can be used to keep track of the conversion progress and decide what to do if an error occurs.

Additional parameters can be used to specify a different format of the CSV file:

  • The delimiter character, which is used to separate tokens in a record. The default is the comma character ',’.

  • The quotation character, which is used to quote String values so they can contain special characters, for example, commas. If a quotation character appears in the value of the String itself, it must be escaped either by duplication or by placing a backslash character '\' before it. Some examples are:

    • """Hello, world"", the screen showed…"

    • "But Vader replied: \"No, I am your father.\""

  • The Date format, which will be used to parse the date values. For the CSV conversion, this parameter can be null, but it is recommended to be specified if the CSV has a specific date format. Providing a specific date format helps performance, because that format will be used as the first option when trying to parse date values. Some example date formats are:

    • "yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss.SSSXXX"

    • "MM/dd/yyyy HH:mm:ss"

    • "ddd, dd MMM yyyy HH':'mm':'ss 'GMT'"

    • "dddd, dd MMMM yyyy hh:mm:ss"

    • "yyyy-MM-dd"

    • "MM/dd/yyyy"

  • A flag indicating if the CSV file contains String values with new line characters. If this parameter is set to true, all the Strings in the file that contain new lines or quotation characters as values must be quoted.

    • "The first lines of Don Quixote are:""In a village of La Mancha, the name of which I have no desire to call to mind""."

The following code fragment shows how to use the API to convert a CSV file into an .ope file with a null ColumnToAttrMapping array. 

    String inputOPE    = "/path/mygraph-edges.csv";
    String outputOPE   = "/path/mygraph.ope"; 
    String eidColumn   = null;             // null implies that an integer sequence will be used
    String svidColumn  = "START_ID";
    String dvidColumn  = "END_ID";
    boolean hasLabel   = true;
    String labelColumn = "TYPE";

    isOPE = new FileInputStream(inputOPE);
    osOPE = new FileOutputStream(new File(outputOPE));
      
    // Convert Edges
    OraclePropertyGraphUtilsBase.convertCSV2OPE(isOPE, eidColumn, 0, svidColumn, dvidColumn, hasLabel, labelColumn, null, 1, 0, osOPE, null);

An input CSV that uses the former example to be converted should include the header specifying the columns name and their type. An example CSV file is as follows.

START_ID:long,weight:float,END_ID:long,:TYPE
1,1.0,2,loves
1,1.0,5,admires
2,0.9,1,loves
1,0.5,3,likes
2,0.0,4,likes
4,1.0,5,is the dad of
3,1.0,4,turns to
5,1.0,3,saves from the dark side

The resulting .ope file is as follows.

1,1,2,loves,weight,3,,1.0,
2,1,5,admires,weight,3,,1.0,
3,2,1,loves,weight,3,,0.9,
4,1,3,likes,weight,3,,0.5,
5,2,4,likes,weight,3,,0.0,
6,4,5,is%20the%20dad%20of,weight,3,,1.0,
7,3,4,turns%20to,weight,3,,1.0,
8,5,3,saves%20from%20the%20dark%20side,weight,3,,1.0,

Parent topic: Oracle Flat File Format Definition