5 Available Collectors
The discussion to this point has been about the serial collector. The Java HotSpot VM includes three different types of collectors, each with different performance characteristics.
Serial Collector
The serial collector uses a single thread to perform all garbage collection work, which makes it relatively efficient because there is no communication overhead between threads.
It's best-suited to single processor machines because it can't take advantage of multiprocessor hardware, although it can be useful on multiprocessors for applications with small data sets (up to approximately 100 MB). The serial collector is selected by default on certain hardware and operating system configurations, or can be explicitly enabled with the option -XX:+UseSerialGC.
Parallel Collector
The parallel collector is also known as throughput collector, it's a generational collector similar to the serial collector. The primary difference between the serial and parallel collectors is that the parallel collector has multiple threads that are used to speed up garbage collection.
The parallel collector is intended for applications with medium-sized to large-sized data sets that are run on multiprocessor or multithreaded hardware. You can enable it by using the -XX:+UseParallelGC option.
Parallel compaction is a feature that enables the parallel collector to perform major collections in parallel. Without parallel compaction, major collections are performed using a single thread, which can significantly limit scalability. Parallel compaction is enabled by default if the option -XX:+UseParallelGC has been specified. You can disable it by using the -XX:-UseParallelOldGC option.
Garbage-First (G1) Garbage Collector
G1 is a mostly concurrent collector. Mostly concurrent collectors perform some expensive work concurrently to the application. This collector is designed to scale from small machines to large multiprocessor machines with a large amount of memory. It provides the capability to meet a pause-time goal with high probability, while achieving high throughput.
G1 is selected by default on most hardware and operating system
configurations, or can be explicitly enabled using -XX:+UseG1GC .
The Z Garbage Collector
The Z Garbage Collector (ZGC) is a scalable low latency garbage collector. ZGC performs all expensive work concurrently, without stopping the execution of application threads.
ZGC provides max pause times of a few milliseconds, but at the cost of some
throughput. It is intended for applications, which require low latency. Pause times are
independent of heap size that is being used. ZGC supports heap sizes from 8MB to 16TB.
To enable this, use the -XX:+UseZGC option.
Selecting a Collector
Unless your application has rather strict pause-time requirements, first run your application and allow the VM to select a collector.
If necessary, adjust the heap size to improve performance. If the performance still doesn't meet your goals, then use the following guidelines as a starting point for selecting a collector:
-
If the application has a small data set (up to approximately 100 MB), then select the serial collector with the option
-XX:+UseSerialGC. -
If the application will be run on a single processor and there are no pause-time requirements, then select the serial collector with the option
-XX:+UseSerialGC. -
If (a) peak application performance is the first priority and (b) there are no pause-time requirements or pauses of one second or longer are acceptable, then let the VM select the collector or select the parallel collector with
-XX:+UseParallelGC. -
If response time is more important than overall throughput and garbage collection pauses must be kept shorter, then select the mostly concurrent collector with
-XX:+UseG1GC. -
If response time is a high priority, then select a fully concurrent collector with
-XX:UseZGC.
These guidelines provide only a starting point for selecting a collector because performance is dependent on the size of the heap, the amount of live data maintained by the application, and the number and speed of available processors.
If the recommended collector doesn't achieve the desired performance, then first attempt to adjust the heap and generation sizes to meet the desired goals. If performance is still inadequate, then try a different collector: Use the concurrent collector to reduce pause-time, and use the parallel collector to increase overall throughput on multiprocessor hardware.