1. Database Security Guide
  2. Controlling Access to Data
  3. Using Application Contexts to Retrieve User Information

9 Using Application Contexts to Retrieve User Information

An application context stores user identification that can enable or prevent a user from accessing data in the database.

Parent topic: Controlling Access to Data

9.1 About Application Contexts

An application context provides many benefits in controlling the access that a user has to data.

Parent topic: Using Application Contexts to Retrieve User Information

9.1.1 What Is an Application Context?

An application context is a set of name-value pairs that Oracle Database stores in memory.

The context has a label called a namespace (for example, empno_ctx for an application context that retrieves employee IDs). This context enables Oracle Database to find information about both database and nondatabase users during authentication.

Inside the context are the name-value pairs (an associative array): the name points to a location in memory that holds the value. An application can use the application context to access session information about a user, such as the user ID or other user-specific information, or a client ID, and then securely pass this data to the database.

You can then use this information to either permit or prevent the user from accessing data through the application. You can use application contexts to authenticate both database and non-database users.

Related Topics

Parent topic: About Application Contexts

9.1.2 Components of the Application Context

An application context has two components, comprising a name-value pair.

These components are as follows:

  • Name. Refers to the name of the attribute set that is associated with the value. For example, if the empno_ctx application context retrieves an employee ID from the HR.EMPLOYEES table, it could have a name such as employee_id.

  • Value. Refers to a value set by the attribute. For example, for the empno_ctx application context, if you wanted to retrieve an employee ID from the HR.EMPLOYEES table, you could create a value called emp_id that sets the value for this ID.

Think of an application context as a global variable that holds information that is accessed during a database session. To set the values for a secure application context, you must create a PL/SQL package procedure that uses the DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT procedure. In fact, this is the only way that you can set application context values if the context is not marked INITIALIZED EXTERNALLY or INITIALIZED GLOBALLY. You can assign the values to the application context attributes at run time, not when you create the application context. Because the trusted procedure, and not the user, assigns the values, it is a called secure application context. For client-session based application contexts, another way to set the application context is to use Oracle Call Interface (OCI) calls.

Parent topic: About Application Contexts

9.1.3 Where Are the Application Context Values Stored?

Oracle Database stores the application context values in a secure data cache.

This cache is available in the User Global Area (UGA) or the System (sometimes called "Shared") Global Area (SGA). This way, the application context values are retrieved during the session. Because the application context stores the values in this data cache, it increases performance for your applications. You can use an application context by itself, with Oracle Virtual Private Databases policies, or with other fine-grained access control policies.

Related Topics

Parent topic: About Application Contexts

9.1.4 Benefits of Using Application Contexts

Most applications contain the kind of information that can be used for application contexts.

For example, in an order entry application that uses a table containing the columns ORDER_NUMBER and CUSTOMER_NUMBER, you can use the values in these columns as security attributes to restrict access by a customer to his or her own orders, based on the ID of that customer.

Application contexts are useful for the following purposes:

  • Enforcing fine-grained access control (for example, in Oracle Virtual Private Database polices)

  • Preserving user identity across multitier environments

  • Enforcing stronger security for your applications, because the application context is controlled by a trusted procedure, not the user

  • Increasing performance by serving as a secure data cache for attributes needed by an application for fine-grained auditing or for use in PL/SQL conditional statements or loops

    This cache saves the repeated overhead of querying the database each time these attributes are needed. Because the application context stores session data in cache rather than forcing your applications to retrieve this data repeatedly from a table, it greatly improves the performance of your applications.

  • Serving as a holding area for name-value pairs that an application can define, modify, and access

Parent topic: About Application Contexts

9.1.5 How Editions Affects Application Context Values

Oracle Database sets the application context in all editions that are affected by the application context package.

The values the application context sets are visible in all editions the application context affects. To find all editions in your database, and whether they are usable, you can query the ALL_EDITIONS data dictionary view.

See Also:

Oracle Database Development Guide for detailed information about editions

Parent topic: About Application Contexts

9.2 Types of Application Contexts

There are three general categories of application contexts.

These categories are as follows:

  • Database session-based application contexts. This type retrieves data that is stored in the database user session (that is, the UGA) cache. There are three categories of database session-based application contexts:

    • Initialized locally. Initializes the application context locally, to the session of the user.

    • Initialized externally. Initializes the application context from an Oracle Call Interface (OCI) application, a job queue process, or a connected user database link.

    • Initialized globally. Uses attributes and values from a centralized location, such as an LDAP directory.

    Using Database Session-Based Application Contexts describes this type of application context.

  • Global application contexts. This type retrieves data that is stored in the System Global Area (SGA) so that it can be used for applications that use a sessionless model, such as middle-tier applications in a three-tiered architecture. A global application context is useful if the session context must be shared across sessions, for example, through connection pool implementations.

    Global Application Contexts describes this type.

  • Client session-based application contexts. This type uses Oracle Call Interface functions on the client side to set the user session data, and then to perform the necessary security checks to restrict user access.

    Using Client Session-Based Application Contexts describes this type.

Table 9-1 summarizes the different types of application contexts.

Table 9-1 Types of Application Contexts

Application Context Type Stored in UGA Stored in SGA Supports Connected User Database Links Supports Centralized Storage of Users' Application Context Supports Sessionless Multitier Applications

Database session-based application context initialized locally

Yes

No

No

No

No

Database session-based application context initialized externally

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

Database session-based application context initialized globally

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

Global application context

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

Client session-based application context

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Parent topic: Using Application Contexts to Retrieve User Information

9.3 Using Database Session-Based Application Contexts

A database session-based application context enables you to retrieve session-based information about a user.

Parent topic: Using Application Contexts to Retrieve User Information

9.3.1 About Database Session-Based Application Contexts

A database session-based application context retrieves session information for database users.

This type of application context uses a PL/SQL procedure within Oracle Database to retrieve, set, and secure the data it manages.

The database session-based application context is managed entirely within Oracle Database. Oracle Database sets the values, and then when the user exits the session, automatically clears the application context values stored in cache. If the user connection ends abnormally, for example, during a power failure, then the PMON background process cleans up the application context data.You do not need to explicitly clear the application context from cache.

The advantage of having Oracle Database manage the application context is that you can centralize the application context management. Any application that accesses this database will need to use this application context to permit or prevent user access to that application. This provides benefits both in improved performance and stronger security.

Note:

If your users are application users, that is, users who are not in your database, consider using a global application context instead.

Related Topics

Parent topic: Using Database Session-Based Application Contexts

9.3.2 Components of a Database Session-Based Application Context

A database session-based application context retrieves and sets data for the context and then sets this context when a user logs in.

You must use three components to create and use a database session-based application context: the application context, a procedure to retrieve the data and set the context, and a way to set the context when the user logs in.

  • The application context. You use the CREATE CONTEXT SQL statement to create an application context. This statement names the application context (namespace) and associates it with a PL/SQL procedure that is designed to retrieve session data and set the application context.

  • A PL/SQL procedure to perform the data retrieval and set the context. About the Package That Manages the Database Session-Based Application Context describes the tasks this procedure must perform. Ideally, create this procedure within a package, so that you can include other procedures if you want (for example, to perform error checking tasks).

  • A way to set the application context when the user logs on. Users who log on to applications that use the application context must run a PL/SQL package that sets the application context. You can achieve this with either a logon trigger that fires each time the user logs on, or you can embed this functionality in your applications.

Tutorial: Creating and Using a Database Session-Based Application Context shows how to create and use a database session-based application context that is initialized locally.

In addition, you can initialize session-based application contexts either externally or globally. Either method stores the context information in the user session.

Parent topic: Using Database Session-Based Application Contexts

9.3.3 Creating Database Session-Based Application Contexts

A database session-based application context is a named object that stores the user's session information.

Parent topic: Using Database Session-Based Application Contexts

9.3.3.1 About Creating Database Session-Based Application Contexts

A database user session (UGA) stores session-based application context, using a user-created namespace.

Each application context must have a unique attribute and belong to a namespace. That is, context names must be unique within the database, not just within a schema.

You must have the CREATE ANY CONTEXT system privilege to create an application context, and the DROP ANY CONTEXT privilege to use the DROP CONTEXT statement if you want to drop the application context.

The ownership of the application context is as follows: Even though a user who has been granted the CREATE ANY CONTEXT and DROP ANY CONTEXT privileges can create and drop the application context, it is owned by the SYS schema. Oracle Database associates the context with the schema account that created it, but if you drop this user, the context still exists in the SYS schema. As user SYS, you can drop the application context.

You can find the names of existing application contexts by running the following query: 

SELECT OBJECT_NAME FROM DBA_OBJECTS WHERE OBJECT_TYPE ='CONTEXT';
9.3.3.2 Creating a Database Session-Based Application Context

The CREATE CONTEXT SQL statement can be used to create a database session-based application context.

When you create a database session-based application context, you must create a namespace for the application context and then associate it with a PL/SQL package that manages the name-value pair that holds the session information of the user. At the time that you create the context, the PL/SQL package does not need to exist, but it must exist at run time.

  • To create a database session-based application context, use the CREATE CONTEXT SQL statement.

    For example: 

    CREATE CONTEXT empno_ctx USING set_empno_ctx_pkg CONTAINER = CURRENT;

In this example:

  • empno_ctx is the context namespace.

  • set_empno_ctx_pkg is the package (which does not need to exist when you create the context) that sets attributes for the empno_ctx namespace. Step 3: Create a Package to Retrieve Session Data and Set the Application Context shows an example of how to create a package that can be used with this application context.

  • CONTAINER creates the application context in the current PDB. To create the application context in the application or CDB root, you must set CONTAINER to ALL.

Notice that when you create the context, you do not set its name-value attributes in the CREATE CONTEXT statement. Instead, you set these in the PL/SQL package that you associate with the application context. The reason you must do this is to prevent a malicious user from changing the context attributes without proper attribute validation. Ensure that this package is in the same container as the application context. For example, if you created the application context in a PDB, then the PL/SQL package must reside in that PDB.

Note:

You cannot create a context called CLIENTCONTEXT. This word is reserved for use with client session-based application contexts. See Using Client Session-Based Application Contexts for more information about this type of application context.

9.3.3.3 Database Session-Based Application Contexts for Multiple Applications

For each application, you can create an application context that has its own attributes.

Suppose, for example, you have three applications: General Ledger, Order Entry, and Human Resources.

You can specify different attributes for each application:

  • For the order entry application context, you could specify the attribute CUSTOMER_NUMBER.

  • For the general ledger application context, you could specify the attributes SET_OF_BOOKS and TITLE.

  • For the human resources application context, you could specify the attributes ORGANIZATION_ID, POSITION, and COUNTRY.

The data the attributes access is stored in the tables behind the applications. For example, the order entry application uses a table called OE.CUSTOMERS, which contains the CUSTOMER_NUMBER column, which provides data for the CUSTOMER_NUMBER attribute. In each case, you can adapt the application context to your precise security needs.

9.3.4 Creating a Package to Set a Database Session-Based Application Context

A PL/SQL package can be used to retrieve the session information and set the name-value attributes of the application context.

Parent topic: Using Database Session-Based Application Contexts

9.3.4.1 About the Package That Manages the Database Session-Based Application Context

This defines procedures that manage the session data represented by the application context.

This package is usually created in the security administrator schema. The package must perform the following tasks:

  • Retrieve session information. To retrieve the user session information, you can use the SYS_CONTEXT SQL function. The SYS_CONTEXT function returns the value of the parameter associated with the context namespace. You can use this function in both SQL and PL/SQL statements. Typically, you will use the built-in USERENV namespace to retrieve the session information of a user. You also can use the SYS_SESSION_ROLES namespace to indicate whether the specified role is currently enabled for the session.

  • Set the name-value attributes of the application context you created with CREATE CONTEXT. You can use the DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT procedure to set the name-value attributes of the application context. The name-value attributes can hold information such as the user ID, IP address, authentication mode, the name of the application, and so on. The values of the attributes you set remain either until you reset them, or until the user ends the session. Note the following:

    • If the value of the parameter in the namespace already has been set, then SET_CONTEXT overwrites this value.

    • Be aware that any changes in the context value are reflected immediately and subsequent calls to access the value through the SYS_CONTEXT function will return the most recent value.

  • Be executed by users. After you create the package, the user will need to execute the package when he or she logs on. You can create a logon trigger to execute the package automatically when the user logs on, or you can embed this functionality in your applications. Remember that the application context session values are cleared automatically when the user ends the session, so you do not need to manually remove the session data.

It is important to remember that the procedure is a trusted procedure: It is designed to prevent the user from setting his or her own application context attribute values. The user runs the procedure, but the procedure sets the application context values, not the user.

See Also:

Parent topic: Creating a Package to Set a Database Session-Based Application Context

9.3.4.2 Using the SYS_CONTEXT Function to Retrieve Session Information

You can retrieve session information for the application context by using the SYS_CONTEXT function.

The SYS_CONTEXT function provides a default namespace, USERENV, which describes the current session of the user logged on. SYS_CONTEXT enables you to retrieve different types of session-based information about a user, such as the user host computer ID, host IP address, operating system user name, and so on. Remember that you only use USERENV to retrieve session data, not set it. The predefined attributes are listed in the description for the PL/SQL function in the Oracle Database SQL Language Reference.

  • To use retrieve session information, set the namespace, parameter, and optionally, the length values of the SYS_CONTEXT function.

    For example: 

    SYS_CONTEXT ('USERENV','HOST')

The syntax for the PL/SQL function SYS_CONTEXT is as follows: 

SYS_CONTEXT ('namespace','parameter'[,length])

In this specification:

  • namespace is the name of the application context. You can specify either a string or an expression that evaluates to a string. The SYS_CONTEXT function returns the value of parameter associated with the context namespace at the current instant. If the value of the parameter in the namespace already has been set, then SET_CONTEXT overwrites this value.

  • parameter is a parameter within the namespace application context. This value can be a string or an expression.

  • length is the default maximum size of the return type, which is 256 bytes, but you can override the length by specifying a value up to 4000 bytes. Enter a value that is a NUMBER data type, or a value that can be can be implicitly converted to NUMBER. The data type of the SYS_CONTEXT return type is a VARCHAR2. This setting is optional.

Note:

The USERENV application context namespace replaces the USERENV function provided in earlier Oracle Database releases.

9.3.4.3 Checking the SYS_CONTEXT Settings

You can check the SYS_CONTEXT settings, which are stored in the DUAL table.

The DUAL table is a small table in the data dictionary that Oracle Database and user-written programs can reference to guarantee a known result. This table has one column called DUMMY and one row that contains the value X.

  • To check the SYS_CONTEXT settings, issue a SELECT SQL statement on the DUAL table.

For example, to find the host computer on which you are logged, assuming that you are logged on to the SHOBEEN_PC host computer under EMP_USERS: 

SELECT SYS_CONTEXT ('USERENV', 'HOST') FROM DUAL;

SYS_CONTEXT(USERENV,HOST)
-------------------------
EMP_USERS\SHOBEEEN_PC
9.3.4.4 Dynamic SQL with SYS_CONTEXT

During a session in which you expect a change in policy between executions of a given query, the query must use dynamic SQL.

You must use dynamic SQL because static SQL and dynamic SQL parse statements differently:

  • Static SQL statements are parsed at compile time. They are not parsed again at execution time for performance reasons.

  • Dynamic SQL statements are parsed every time they are executed.

Consider a situation in which Policy A is in force when you compile a SQL statement, and then you switch to Policy B and run the statement. With static SQL, Policy A remains in force. Oracle Database parses the statement at compile time, but does not parse it again upon execution. With dynamic SQL, Oracle Database parses the statement upon execution, then the switch to Policy B takes effect.

For example, consider the following policy:

EMPLOYEE_NAME = SYS_CONTEXT ('USERENV', 'SESSION_USER')

The policy EMPLOYEE_NAME matches the database user name. It is represented in the form of a SQL predicate in Oracle Virtual Private Database: the predicate is considered a policy. If the predicate changes, then the statement must be parsed again to produce the correct result.

9.3.4.5 SYS_CONTEXT in a Parallel Query

If you use SYS_CONTEXT inside a SQL function that is embedded in a parallel query, then the function includes the application context.

Consider a user-defined function within a SQL statement, which sets the user ID to 5:

CREATE FUNCTION set_id 
 RETURN NUMBER IS
BEGIN
 IF SYS_CONTEXT ('hr', 'id') = 5
   THEN RETURN 1; ELSE RETURN 2;
 END IF;
END;

Now consider the following statement:

SELECT * FROM emp WHERE set_id( ) = 1;

When this statement is run as a parallel query, the user session, which contains the application context information, is propagated to the parallel execution servers (query child processes).

9.3.4.6 SYS_CONTEXT with Database Links

The SYS_CONTEXT function is compatible with the use of database links.

When SQL statements within a user session involve database links, Oracle Database runs the SYS_CONTEXT function at the host computer of the database link, and then captures the context information in the host computer.

If remote PL/SQL procedure calls are run on a database link, then Oracle Database runs any SYS_CONTEXT function inside such a procedure at the destination database of the link.

In this case, only externally initialized application contexts are available at the database link destination site. For security reasons, Oracle Database propagates only the externally initialized application context information to the destination site from the initiating database link site.

9.3.4.7 DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT for Setting Session Information

After SYS_CONTEXT retrieves the session data of a user, you can set the application context values from the user session.

To set the context values, you can use the DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT procedure. You must have the EXECUTE privilege for the DBMS_SESSION PL/SQL package.

The syntax for DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT is as follows: 

DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT (
   namespace VARCHAR2,
   attribute VARCHAR2,
   value     VARCHAR2,
   username  VARCHAR2,
   client_id VARCHAR2);

In this specification:

  • namespace is the namespace of the application context to be set, limited to 30 bytes. For example, if you were using a namespace called custno_ctx, you would specify it as follows: 

    namespace => 'custno_ctx',

  • attribute is the attribute of the application context to be set, limited to 30 bytes. For example, to create the ctx_attrib attribute for the custno_ctx namespace: 

    attribute => 'ctx_attrib',

  • value is the value of the application context to be set, limited to 4000 bytes. Typically, this is the value retrieved by the SYS_CONTEXT function and stored in a variable. For example: 

    value => ctx_value,

  • username is the database user name attribute of the application context. The default is NULL, which permits any user to access the session. For database session-based application contexts, omit this setting so that it uses the NULL default. This setting is optional.

    The username and client_id parameters are used for globally accessed application contexts. See DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT username and client_id Parameters for more information.

  • client_id is the application-specific client_id attribute of the application context (64-byte maximum). The default is NULL, which means that no client ID is specified. For database session-based application contexts, omit this setting so that it uses the NULL default.

See Also:

Parent topic: Creating a Package to Set a Database Session-Based Application Context

9.3.4.8 Example: Simple Procedure to Create an Application Context Value

You can use the DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT statement in a procedure to set an application context value.

Example 9-1 shows how to create a simple procedure that creates an attribute for the empno_ctx application context.

Example 9-1 Simple Procedure to Create an Application Context Value

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE set_empno_ctx_proc(
  emp_value IN VARCHAR2)
 IS   
 BEGIN
  DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT('empno_ctx', 'empno_attrib', emp_value);
 END; 
/

In this example:

  • emp_value IN VARCHAR2 takes emp_value as the input parameter. This parameter specifies the value associated with the application context attribute empno_attrib. The limit is 4000 bytes.

  • DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT('empno_ctx', 'empno_attrib', emp_value) sets the value of the application context by using the DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT procedure as follows:

    • 'empno_ctx' refers to the application context namespace. Enclose its name in single quotation marks.

    • 'empno_attrib' creates the attribute associated with the application context namespace.

    • emp_value specifies the value for the empno_attrib attribute. Here, it refers to the emp_value parameter.

At this stage, you can run the set_empno_ctx_proc procedure to set the application context: 

EXECUTE set_empno_ctx_proc ('42783');

(In a real world scenario, you would set the application context values in the procedure itself, so that it becomes a trusted procedure. This example is only used to show how data can be set for demonstration purposes.)

To check the application context setting, run the following SELECT statement: 

SELECT SYS_CONTEXT ('empno_ctx', 'empno_attrib') empno_attrib FROM DUAL;

EMPNO_ATTRIB
--------------
42783

You can also query the SESSION_CONTEXT data dictionary view to find all the application context settings in the current session of the database instance. For example: 

SELECT * FROM SESSION_CONTEXT;

NAMESPACE                ATTRIBUTE          VALUE
--------------------------------------------------
EMPNO_CTX                EMP_ID             42783

9.3.5 Logon Triggers to Run a Database Session Application Context Package

Users must run database session application context package after when they log in to the database instance.

You can create a logon trigger that handles this automatically. You do not need to grant the user EXECUTE permissions to run the package.

Note the following:

  • If the PL/SQL package procedure called by the logon trigger has any unhandled exceptions or raises any exceptions (because, for example, a security check failed), then the logon trigger fails. When the logon trigger fails, the logon fails, that is, the user is denied permission to log in to the database.

  • Logon triggers may affect performance. In addition, test the logon trigger on a sample schema user first before creating it for the database. That way, if there is an error, you can easily correct it.

  • Be aware of situations in which if you have a changing set of books, or if positions change constantly. In these cases, the new attribute values may not be picked up right away, and you must force a cursor reparse to pick them up.

Note:

A logon trigger can be used because the user context (information such as EMPNO, GROUP, MANAGER) should be set before the user accesses any data.

Parent topic: Using Database Session-Based Application Contexts

9.3.6 Example: Creating a Simple Logon Trigger

The CREATE TRIGGER statement can create a simple logon trigger.

Example 9-2 shows a simple logon trigger that executes a PL/SQL procedure.

Example 9-2 Creating a Simple Logon Trigger

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER set_empno_ctx_trig AFTER LOGON ON DATABASE
 BEGIN
  sec_mgr.set_empno_ctx_proc;
 END;

Parent topic: Using Database Session-Based Application Contexts

9.3.7 Example: Creating a Logon Trigger for a Production Environment

The CREATE TRIGGER statement can create a logon trigger for a production environment.

Example 9-3 shows how to create a logon trigger that uses a WHEN OTHERS exception. Otherwise, if there is an error in the PL/SQL logic that creates an unhandled exception, then all connections to the database are blocked.

This example shows a WHEN OTHERS exception that writes errors to a table in the security administrator's schema. In a production environment, this is safer than sending the output to the user session, where it could be vulnerable to security attacks.

Example 9-3 Creating a Logon Trigger for a Production Environment

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER set_empno_ctx_trig AFTER LOGON ON DATABASE
 BEGIN
  sec_mgr.set_empno_ctx_proc;
 EXCEPTION
  WHEN OTHERS THEN
        v_code := SQLCODE;
        v_errm := SUBSTR(SQLERRM, 1 , 64);
       -- Invoke another procedure,
       -- declared with PRAGMA AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION,
       -- to insert information about errors.
  INSERT INTO sec_mgr.errors VALUES (v_code, v_errm, SYSTIMESTAMP);
 END;
/

Parent topic: Using Database Session-Based Application Contexts

9.3.8 Example: Creating a Logon Trigger for a Development Environment

The CREATE TRIGGER statement can create a logon trigger for a development environment.

Example 9-4 shows how to create the same logon trigger for a development environment, in which you may want to output errors the user session for debugging purposes.

Example 9-4 Creating a Logon Trigger for a Development Environment

CREATE TRIGGER set_empno_ctx_trig 
 AFTER LOGON ON DATABASE
 BEGIN
  sysadmin_ctx.set_empno_ctx_pkg.set_empno;
 EXCEPTION
  WHEN OTHERS THEN
   RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(
    -20000, 'Trigger sysadmin_ctx.set_empno_ctx_trig violation. Login denied.');
 END;
/

Parent topic: Using Database Session-Based Application Contexts

9.3.9 Tutorial: Creating and Using a Database Session-Based Application Context

This tutorial demonstrates how to create an application context that checks the ID of users who try to log in to the database.

Parent topic: Using Database Session-Based Application Contexts

9.3.9.1 Step 1: Create User Accounts and Ensure the User SCOTT Is Active

To begin this tutorial, you must create the necessary database accounts and endure that the SCOTT user account is active.

  1. Log on as user SYS and connect using the SYSDBA administrative privilege.
    sqlplus sys as sysdba
Enter password: password
  2. In a multitenant environment, connect to the appropriate PDB.

    For example:

    CONNECT SYS@hrpdb AS SYSDBA
Enter password: password

    To find the available PDBs, query the DBA_PDBS data dictionary view. To check the current PDB, run the show con_name command.

  3. Create the local user account sysadmin_ctx, who will administer the database session-based application context.
    CREATE USER sysadmin_ctx IDENTIFIED BY password;
GRANT CREATE SESSION, CREATE ANY CONTEXT, CREATE PROCEDURE, CREATE TRIGGER, ADMINISTER DATABASE TRIGGER TO sysadmin_ctx;
GRANT READ ON HR.EMPLOYEES TO sysadmin_ctx;
GRANT EXECUTE ON DBMS_SESSION TO sysadmin_ctx;

    Follow the guidelines in Minimum Requirements for Passwords to replace password with a password that is secure.

  4. Create the following user account for Lisa Ozer, who is listed as having lozer for her email account in the HR.EMPLOYEES table.
    GRANT CREATE SESSION TO LOZER IDENTIFIED BY password;

    Replace password with a password that is secure.

  5. The sample user SCOTT will also be used in this tutorial, so query the DBA_USERS data dictionary view to ensure that the account status for SCOTT is OPEN.
    SELECT USERNAME, ACCOUNT_STATUS FROM DBA_USERS WHERE USERNAME = 'SCOTT';

    If the DBA_USERS view lists user SCOTT as locked and expired, then enter the following statement to unlock the SCOTT account and create a new password for him: 

    ALTER USER SCOTT ACCOUNT UNLOCK IDENTIFIED BY password;

    Enter a password that is secure. For greater security, do not give the SCOTT account the same password from previous releases of Oracle Database. See Minimum Requirements for Passwords for the minimum requirements for creating passwords.

9.3.9.2 Step 2: Create the Database Session-Based Application Context

As the sysadmin_ctx user, you are ready to create the database session-based application context.

  1. Log on to SQL*Plus as sysadmin_ctx. 
    CONNECT sysadmin_ctx -- Or, CONNECT sysadmin_ctx@hrpdb
Enter password: password
  2. Create the application context using the following statement: 
    CREATE CONTEXT empno_ctx USING set_empno_ctx_pkg;

    Remember that even though user sysadmin_ctx has created this application context, the SYS schema owns the context.

9.3.9.3 Step 3: Create a Package to Retrieve Session Data and Set the Application Context

Next, you must create a PL/SQL package that retrieves the session data and then sets the application context.

  • To create the package, use the CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE statement.

Example 9-5 shows how to create the package you need to retrieve the session data and set the application context. Before creating the package, ensure that you are still logged on as user sysadmin_ctx. (You can copy and paste this text by positioning the cursor at the start of CREATE OR REPLACE in the first line.)

Example 9-5 Package to Retrieve Session Data and Set a Database Session Context

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE set_empno_ctx_pkg IS 
   PROCEDURE set_empno; 
 END; 
 /
 CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY set_empno_ctx_pkg IS
   PROCEDURE set_empno 
   IS 
    emp_id HR.EMPLOYEES.EMPLOYEE_ID%TYPE;
   BEGIN 
    SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID INTO emp_id FROM HR.EMPLOYEES 
       WHERE email = SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV', 'SESSION_USER');
    DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT('empno_ctx', 'employee_id', emp_id);
   EXCEPTION  
    WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN NULL;
  END;
 END;
/

This package creates a procedure called set_empno that performs the following actions:

  • emp_id HR.EMPLOYEES.EMPLOYEE_ID%TYPE declares a variable, emp_id, to store the employee ID for the user who logs on. It uses the same data type as the EMPLOYEE_ID column in HR.EMPLOYEES.

  • SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID INTO emp_id FROM HR.EMPLOYEES performs a SELECT statement to copy the employee ID that is stored in the employee_id column data from the HR.EMPLOYEES table into the emp_id variable.

  • WHERE email = SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV', 'SESSION_USER') uses a WHERE clause to find all employee IDs that match the email account for the session user. The SYS_CONTEXT function uses the predefined USERENV context to retrieve the user session ID, which is the same as the email column data. For example, the user ID and email address for Lisa Ozer are both the same: lozer.

  • DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT('empno_ctx', 'employee_id', emp_id) uses the DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT procedure to set the application context:

    • 'empno_ctx': Calls the application context empno_ctx. Enclose empno_ctx in single quotes.

    • 'employee_id': Creates the attribute value of the empno_ctx application context name-value pair, by naming it employee_id. Enclose employee_id in single quotes.

    • emp_id: Sets the value for the employee_id attribute to the value stored in the emp_id variable.

    To summarize, the set_empno_ctx_pkg.set_empno procedure says, "Get the session ID of the user and then match it with the employee ID and email address of any user listed in the HR.EMPLOYEES table."

  • EXCEPTION ... WHEN_NO_DATA_FOUND adds a WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND system exception to catch any no data found errors that may result from the SELECT statement. Without this exception, the package and logon trigger will work fine and set the application context as needed, but then any non-system administrator users other than the users listed in the HR.EMPLOYEES table will not be able to log in to the database. Other users should be able to log in to the database, assuming they are valid database users. Once the application context information is set, then you can use this session information as a way to control user access to a particular application.

9.3.9.4 Step 4: Create a Logon Trigger for the Package

The logon trigger will execute when the user logs in.

  • As user sysadmin_ctx, create a logon trigger for set_empno_ctx_pkg.set_empno package procedure. 

CREATE TRIGGER set_empno_ctx_trig AFTER LOGON ON DATABASE
 BEGIN
  sysadmin_ctx.set_empno_ctx_pkg.set_empno;
 END;
/
9.3.9.5 Step 5: Test the Application Context

Now that the components are all in place, you are ready to test the application context.

  1. Log on as user lozer.
    CONNECT lozer -- Or, CONNECT lozer@hrpdb
Enter password: password

    When user lozer logs on, the empno_ctx application context collects her employee ID. You can check it as follows: 

    SELECT SYS_CONTEXT('empno_ctx', 'employee_id') emp_id FROM DUAL;

    The following output should appear:

    EMP_ID
--------------------------------------------------------
168
  2. Log on as user SCOTT.
    CONNECT SCOTT -- Or, CONNECT SCOTT@hrpdb
Enter password: password

    User SCOTT is not listed as an employee in the HR.EMPLOYEES table, so the empno_ctx application context cannot collect an employee ID for him. 

    SELECT SYS_CONTEXT('empno_ctx', 'employee_id') emp_id FROM DUAL;

    The following output should appear:

    EMP_ID
--------------------------------------------------------

From here, the application can use the user session information to determine how much access the user can have in the database. You can use Oracle Virtual Private Database to accomplish this. .

9.3.9.6 Step 6: Remove the Components of This Tutorial

If you no longer need the components of this tutorial, then you can remove them.

  1. Connect as SYS with the SYSDBA administrative privilege. 
    CONNECT SYS AS SYSDBA -- Or, CONNECT SYS@hrpdb AS SYSDBA
Enter password: password
  2. Drop the users sysadmin_ctx and lozer: 
    DROP USER sysadmin_ctx CASCADE;
DROP USER lozer;
  3. Drop the application context. 
    DROP CONTEXT empno_ctx;

    Remember that even though sysadmin_ctx created the application context, it is owned by the SYS schema.

  4. If you want, lock and expire SCOTT, unless other users want to use this account:
    ALTER USER SCOTT PASSWORD EXPIRE ACCOUNT LOCK;

9.3.10 Initializing Database Session-Based Application Contexts Externally

Initializing database session-based application contexts externally increases performance because the application context is stored in the user global area (UGA).

Parent topic: Using Database Session-Based Application Contexts

9.3.10.1 About Initializing Database Session-Based Application Contexts Externally

You must use a special type of namespace to initialize session-based application context externally.

This namespace must accept the initialization of attribute values from external resources and then stores them in the local user session.

Initializing an application context externally enhances performance because it is stored in the UGA and enables the automatic propagation of attributes from one session to another. Connected user database links are supported only by application contexts initialized from OCI-based external sources.

9.3.10.2 Default Values from Users

Oracle Database enables you to capture and use default values from users for your applications.

Sometimes you need the default values from users. Initially, these default values may be hints or preferences, and then after validation, they become trusted contexts. Similarly, it may be more convenient for clients to initialize some default values, and then rely on a login event trigger or applications to validate the values.

For job queues, the job submission routine records the context being set at the time the job is submitted, and restores it when executing the batched job. To maintain the integrity of the context, job queues cannot bypass the designated PL/SQL package to set the context. Rather, the externally initialized application context accepts initialization of context values from the job queue process.

Automatic propagation of context to a remote session may create security problems. Developers or administrators can effectively handle the context that takes default values from resources other than the designated PL/SQL procedure by using logon triggers to reset the context when users log in.

9.3.10.3 Values from Other External Resources

An application context can accept the initialization of attributes and values through external resources.

Examples include an Oracle Call Interface (OCI) interface, a job queue process, or a database link.

Externally initialized application contexts provide the following features:

  • For remote sessions, automatic propagation of context values that are in the externally initialized application context namespace

  • For job queues, restoration of context values that are in the externally initialized application context namespace

  • For OCI interfaces, a mechanism to initialize context values that are in the externally initialized application context namespace

Although any client program that is using Oracle Call Interface can initialize this type of namespace, you can use login event triggers to verify the values. It is up to the application to interpret and trust the values of the attributes.

9.3.10.4 Example: Creating an Externalized Database Session-based Application Context

The CREATE CONTEXT SQL statement can create an externalized database session-based application context.

Example 9-6 shows how to create a database session-based application context that obtains values from an external source.

Example 9-6 Creating an Externalized Database Session-based Application Context

CREATE CONTEXT ext_ctx USING ext_ctx_pkg INITIALIZED EXTERNALLY;
9.3.10.5 Initialization of Application Context Values from a Middle-Tier Server

Middle-tier servers can initialize application context values on behalf of database users.

In this process, context attributes are propagated for the remote session at initialization time, and the remote database accepts the values if the namespace is externally initialized.

For example, a three-tier application creating lightweight user sessions through OCI or JDBC/OCI can access the PROXY_USER attribute in USERENV. This attribute enables you to determine if the user session was created by a middle-tier application. You could allow a user to access data only for connections where the user is proxied. If users connect directly to the database, then they would not be able to access any data.

You can use the PROXY_USER attribute from the USERENV namespace within Oracle Virtual Private Database to ensure that users only access data through a particular middle-tier application. For a different approach, you can develop a secure application role to enforce your policy that users access the database only through a specific proxy.

See Also:

Parent topic: Initializing Database Session-Based Application Contexts Externally

9.3.11 Initializing Database Session-Based Application Contexts Globally

When a database session-based application is stored in a centralized location, it can be used globally from an LDAP directory.

Parent topic: Using Database Session-Based Application Contexts

9.3.11.1 About Initializing Database Session-Based Application Contexts Globally

You can use a centralized location to store the database session-based application context of the user.

A centralized location enables applications to set up a user context during initialization based upon user identity.

In particular, this feature supports Oracle Label Security labels and privileges. Initializing an application context globally makes it easier to manage contexts for large numbers of users and databases.

For example, many organizations want to manage user information centrally, in an LDAP-based directory. Enterprise User Security supports centralized user and authorization management in Oracle Internet Directory. However, there may be additional attributes an application must retrieve from Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) to use for Oracle Virtual Private Database enforcement, such as the user title, organization, or physical location. Initializing an application context globally enables you to retrieve these types of attributes.

9.3.11.2 Database Session-Based Application Contexts with LDAP

An application context that is initialized globally uses LDAP, a standard, extensible, and efficient directory access protocol.

The LDAP directory stores a list of users to which this application is assigned. Oracle Database uses a directory service, typically Oracle Internet Directory, to authenticate and authorize enterprise users.

Note:

You can use third-party directories such as Microsoft Active Directory and Sun Microsystems SunONE as the directory service.

The orclDBApplicationContext LDAP object (a subclass of groupOfUniqueNames) stores the application context values in the directory. The location of the application context object is described in Figure 9-1, which is based on the Human Resources example.

The LDAP object inetOrgPerson enables multiple entries to exist for some attributes. However, be aware that when these entries are loaded into the database and accessed with the SYS_LDAP_USER_DEFAULT context namespace, then only the first of these entries is returned. For example, the inetOrgPerson object for a user allows multiple entries for telephoneNumber (thus allowing a user to have multiple telephone numbers stored). When you use the SYS_LDAP_USER_DEFAULT context namespace, only the first telephone number is retrieved. If the list of attributes and values that are provided are not sufficient for your needs, then you can use the DBMS_LDAP PL/SQL package to fetch additional values from the directory.

On the LDAP side, an internal C function is required to retrieve the orclDBApplicationContext value, which returns a list of application context values to the database. In this example, HR is the namespace; Title and Project are the attributes; and Manager and Promotion are the values.

Figure 9-1 Location of Application Context in LDAP Directory Information Tree

Description of Figure 9-1 follows
Description of "Figure 9-1 Location of Application Context in LDAP Directory Information Tree"
9.3.11.3 How Globally Initialized Database Session-Based Application Contexts Work

To use a globally initialized secure application, you must first configure Enterprise User Security.

Then, you configure the application context values for the user in the database and the directory.

When a global user (enterprise user) connects to the database, Enterprise User Security verifies the identity of the user connecting to the database. After authentication, the global user roles and application context are retrieved from the directory. When the user logs on to the database, the global roles and initial application context are already set.

See Also:

Oracle Database Enterprise User Security Administrator's Guide for information about configuring Enterprise User Security

Parent topic: Initializing Database Session-Based Application Contexts Globally

9.3.11.4 Initializing a Database Session-Based Application Context Globally

You can configure and store the initial application context for a user, such as the department name and title, in the LDAP directory.

The values are retrieved during user login so that the context is set properly. In addition, any information related to the user is retrieved and stored in the SYS_USER_DEFAULTS application context namespace.

  1. Create the application context in the database.
    CREATE CONTEXT hr USING hrapps.hr_manage_pkg INITIALIZED GLOBALLY;
  2. Create and add new entries in the LDAP directory.

    An example of the entries added to the LDAP directory follows. These entries create an attribute named Title with the attribute value Manager for the application (namespace) HR, and assign user names user1 and user2. In the following, cn=example refers to the name of the domain. 

    dn: cn=OracleDBAppContext,cn=example,cn=OracleDBSecurity,cn=Products,cn=OracleContext,ou=Americas,o=oracle,c=US
changetype: add
cn: OracleDBAppContext
objectclass: top
objectclass: orclContainer

dn: cn=hr,cn=OracleDBAppContext,cn=example,cn=OracleDBSecurity,cn=Products,cn=OracleContext,ou=Americas,o=oracle,c=US
changetype: add
cn: hr
objectclass: top
objectclass: orclContainer

dn: cn=Title,cn=hr, cn=OracleDBAppContext,cn=example,cn=OracleDBSecurity,cn=Products,cn=OracleContext,ou=Americas,o=oracle,c=US
changetype: add
cn: Title
objectclass: top
objectclass: orclContainer

dn: cn=Manager,cn=Title,cn=hr, cn=OracleDBAppContext,cn=example,cn=OracleDBSecurity,cn=Products,cn=OracleContext,ou=Americas,o=oracle,c=US
cn: Manager
objectclass: top
objectclass: groupofuniquenames
objectclass: orclDBApplicationContext
uniquemember: CN=user1,OU=Americas,O=Oracle,L=Redwoodshores,ST=CA,C=US
uniquemember: CN=user2,OU=Americas,O=Oracle,L=Redwoodshores,ST=CA,C=US

  3. If an LDAP inetOrgPerson object entry exists for the user, then the connection retrieves the attributes from inetOrgPerson, and assigns them to the namespace SYS_LDAP_USER_DEFAULT. Note that the context is only populated with non-NULL values that are part of the inetOrgPerson object class. No other attributes will be populated.

    The following is an example of an inetOrgPerson entry: 

    dn: cn=user1,ou=Americas,O=oracle,L=redwoodshores,ST=CA,C=US
changetype: add
objectClass: top
objectClass: person
objectClass: organizationalPerson
objectClass: inetOrgPerson
cn: user1
sn: One
givenName: User
initials: UO
title: manager, product development
uid: uone
mail: uone@us.example.com
telephoneNumber: +1 650 555 0105
employeeNumber: 00001
employeeType: full time

  4. Connect to the database.

    When user1 connects to a database that belongs to the example domain, user1 will have his Title set to Manager. Any information related to user1 will be retrieved from the LDAP directory. The value can be obtained using the following syntax: 

    SYS_CONTEXT('namespace','attribute name')

    For example:

    DECLARE 
 tmpstr1 VARCHAR2(30);
 tmpstr2 VARCHAR2(30);
BEGIN
 tmpstr1 = SYS_CONTEXT('HR','TITLE);
 tmpstr2 = SYS_CONTEXT('SYS_LDAP_USER_DEFAULT','telephoneNumber');
 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Title is ' || tmpstr1);
 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Telephone Number is ' || tmpstr2);
END;

    The output of this example is:

    Title is Manager
Telephone Number is +1 650 555 0105

9.3.12 Externalized Database Session-Based Application Contexts

Many applications store attributes used for fine-grained access control within a database metadata table.

For example, an employees table could include cost center, title, signing authority, and other information useful for fine-grained access control. Organizations also centralize user information for user management and access control in LDAP-based directories, such as Oracle Internet Directory. Application context attributes can be stored in Oracle Internet Directory, and assigned to one or more enterprise users. They can also be retrieved automatically upon login for an enterprise user, and then used to initialize an application context.

See Also:

Parent topic: Using Database Session-Based Application Contexts

9.4 Global Application Contexts

You can use a global application context to access application values across database sessions, including an Oracle Real Application Clusters environment.

Parent topic: Using Application Contexts to Retrieve User Information

9.4.1 About Global Application Contexts

A global application context enables application context values to be accessible across database sessions, including Oracle RAC instances.

Oracle Database stores the global application context information in the System (sometimes called "Shared") Global Area (SGA) so that it can be used for applications that use a sessionless model, such as middle-tier applications in a three-tiered architecture.

These applications cannot use a session-based application context because users authenticate to the application, and then it typically connects to the database as a single identity. Oracle Database initializes the global application context once, rather than for each user session. This improves performance, because connections are reused from a connection pool.

You can clear a global application context value by running the ALTER SYSTEM FLUSH GLOBAL_CONTEXT SQL statement.

Parent topic: Global Application Contexts

9.4.2 Uses for Global Application Contexts

There are three general uses for global application contexts.

These uses are as follows:

  • You must share application values globally for all database users. For example, you may need to disable access to an application based on a specific situation. In this case, the values the application context sets are not user-specific, nor are they based on the private data of a user. The application context defines a situation, for example, to indicate the version of application module that is running.

  • You have database users who must move from one application to another. In this case, the second application the user is moving to has different access requirements from the first application.

  • You must authenticate nondatabase users, that is, users who are not known to the database. This type of user, who does not have a database account, typically connects through a Web application by using a connection pool. These types of applications connect users to the database as single user, using the One Big Application User authentication model. To authenticate this type of user, you use the client session ID of the user.

Parent topic: Global Application Contexts

9.4.3 Components of a Global Application Context

A global application context uses a package to manage its attributes and middle-tier application to manage the client session ID.

  • The global application context. You use the CREATE CONTEXT SQL statement to create the global application context, and include the ACCESSED GLOBALLY clause in the statement. This statement names the application context and associates it with a PL/SQL procedure that is designed to set the application data context data. The global application context is created and stored in the database schema of the security administrator who creates it.

  • A PL/SQL package to set the attributes. The package must contain a procedure that uses the DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT procedure to set the global application context. The SET_CONTEXT procedure provides parameters that enable you to create a global application context that fits any of the three user situations described in this section. You create, store, and run the PL/SQL package on the database server. Typically, it belongs in the schema of the security administrator who created it.

  • A middle-tier application to get and set the client session ID. For nondatabase users, which require a client session ID to be authenticated, you can use the Oracle Call Interface (OCI) calls in the middle-tier application to retrieve and set their session data. You can also use the DBMS_SESSION.SET_IDENTIFIER procedure to set the client session ID. An advantage of creating a client session ID to store the nondatabase user's name is that you can query the CLIENT_ID column of DBA_AUDIT_TRAIL, DBA_FGA_AUDIT_TRAIL, and DBA_COMMON_AUDIT_TRAIL data dictionary views to audit this user's activity.

    Note:

    Be aware that the DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO.SET_CLIENT_INFO setting can overwrite the value.

Related Topics

Parent topic: Global Application Contexts

9.4.4 Global Application Contexts in an Oracle Real Application Clusters Environment

In an Oracle RAC environment, whenever a global application context is loaded or changed, it is visible only to the existing active instances.

Be aware that setting a global application context value in an Oracle RAC environment has performance overhead of propagating the context value consistently to all Oracle RAC instances.

If you flush the global application context (using the ALTER SYSTEM FLUSH GLOBAL_CONTEXT SQL statement) in one Oracle RAC instance, then all the global application context is flushed in all other Oracle RAC instances as well.

Parent topic: Global Application Contexts

9.4.5 Creating Global Application Contexts

The CREATE CONTEXT SQL statement creates the global application context, which is then located in the SYS schema.

Parent topic: Global Application Contexts

9.4.5.1 Ownership of the Global Application Context

A global application context is owned by the SYS schema.

The ownership of the global application context is as follows: Even though a user who has been granted the CREATE ANY CONTEXT and DROP ANY CONTEXT privileges can create and drop the global application context, it is owned by the SYS schema.

Oracle Database associates the context with the schema account that created it, but if you drop this user, the context still exists in the SYS schema. As user SYS, you can drop the application context.

9.4.5.2 Creating a Global Application Context

As with local application contexts, the global application context is created and stored in the security administrator’s database schema.

You must have the CREATE ANY CONTEXT system privilege before you can create a global application context, and the DROP ANY CONTEXT privilege before you can drop the context with the DROP CONTEXT statement.

  • To create a global application context, use the CREATE CONTEXT SQL statement to create the application context and include the ACCESSED GLOBALLY clause in the statement.

For example: 

CREATE OR REPLACE CONTEXT global_hr_ctx USING hr_ctx_pkg ACCESSED GLOBALLY CONTAINER = ALL;

9.4.6 PL/SQL Package to Manage a Global Application Context

The DBMS_SESSION PL/SQL package to manages global application contexts.

Parent topic: Global Application Contexts

9.4.6.1 About the Package That Manages the Global Application Context

The package that is associated with a global application context uses the DBMS_SESSION package to set and clear the global application context values.

You must have the EXECUTE privilege for the DBMS_SESSION package before you use its procedures. Typically, you create and store this package in the database schema of a security administrator. The SYS schema owns the DBMS_SESSION package.

Unlike PL/SQL packages used to set a local application context, you do not include a SYS_CONTEXT function to get the user session data. You do not need to include this function because the owner of the session, recorded in the USERENV context, is the same for every user who is connecting.

You can run the procedures within the PL/SQL package for a global application context at any time. You do not need to create logon and logoff triggers to execute the package procedures associated with the global application context. A common practice is to run the package procedures from within the database application. Additionally, for nondatabase users, you use middle-tier applications to get and set client session IDs.

See Also:

Oracle Database PL/SQL Packages and Types Reference for detailed information about the DBMS_SESSION package

Parent topic: PL/SQL Package to Manage a Global Application Context

9.4.6.2 How Editions Affects the Results of a Global Application Context PL/SQL Package

Global application context packages, Oracle Virtual Private Database packages, and fine-grained audit policies can be used across multiple editions.

Follow these guidelines:

  • If you want to have the PL/SQL package results be the same across all editions. To do so, create the package in the schema of a user who has not been editions enabled. To find users who are not editions enabled, you can query the DBA_USERS and USER_USERS data dictionary views. Remember that SYS, SYSTEM, and other default Oracle Database administrative accounts that are listed in the DBA_REGISTRY data dictionary view are not and cannot be editions enabled.

  • If you want to have the PL/SQL package results depend on the current state of the edition in which the package is run. Here, the results may be different across all editions to which the package applies. In this case, create the package in the schema of a user who has been editions enabled. If the schema is editions enabled, then it is likely that there will be different actual copies of the package in different editions, where each copy has different behavior. This is useful for the following types of scenarios:

    • The package must use a new application context.

    • The package must encode input values using a different scheme.

    • The package must apply different validation rules for users logging in to the database.

    For PL/SQL packages that set a global application context, use a single getter function to wrap the primitive SYS_CONTEXT calls that will read the key-value application context pairs. You can put this getter function in the same package as the application context setter procedure. This approach lets you tag the value for the application context key to reflect a relevant concept. For example, the tag can be the edition in which the setter function is actual. Or, it can be the current edition of the session that set the context, which you can find by using SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV', 'CURRENT_EDITION_NAME'). This tag can be any specific notion to which the setter function applies.

    See Also:

    Oracle Database Development Guide for detailed information about editions

9.4.6.3 DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT username and client_id Parameters

The DBMS_SESSION.SYS_CONTEXT procedure provides the client_id and username parameters, to be used for global application contexts.

Table 9-2 explains how the combination of these settings controls the type of global application context you can create.

Table 9-2 Setting the DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT username and client_id Parameters

Combination Settings       Result

username set to NULL

client_id set to NULL

This combination enables all users to access the application context. See Sharing Global Application Context Values for All Database Users for more information.

These settings are also used for database session-based application contexts. See Using Database Session-Based Application Contexts for more information.

username set to a value

client_id set to NULL

This combination enables an application context to be accessed by multiple sessions, as long as the username setting is the same throughout. Ensure that the user name specified is a valid database user. See Global Contexts for Database Users Who Move Between Applications for more information.

username set to NULL

client_id set to a value

This combination enables an application to be accessed by multiple user sessions, as long as the client_id parameter is set to the same value throughout. This enables sessions of all users to see the application context values.

username set to a value

client_id set to a value

This combination enables the following two scenarios:

  • Lightweight users. If the user does not have a database account, the username specified is a connection pool owner. The client_id setting is then associated with the nondatabase user who is logging in.

  • Database users. If the user is a database user, this combination can be used for stateless Web sessions.

Setting the username parameter in the SET_CONTEXT procedure to USER calls the Oracle Database-supplied USER function. The USER function specifies the session owner from the application context retrieval process and ensures that only the user who set the application context can access the context. See Oracle Database SQL Language Reference for more information about the USER function.

See Global Application Context for Nondatabase Users for more information.

9.4.6.4 Sharing Global Application Context Values for All Database Users

You can share global application values for all database users to give them access to data in the database.

  • To share global application values for all database users, set the namespace, attribute, and value parameters in the SET_CONTEXT procedure.

9.4.6.5 Example: Package to Manage Global Application Values for All Database Users

The CREATE PACKAGE statement can manage global application values for all database users.

Example 9-7 shows how to create a package that sets and clears a global application context for all database users.

Example 9-7 Package to Manage Global Application Values for All Database Users

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE hr_ctx_pkg 
   AS  
    PROCEDURE set_hr_ctx(sec_level IN VARCHAR2); 
    PROCEDURE clear_hr_context;
   END;  
  /
  CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY hr_ctx_pkg 
   AS                                            
    PROCEDURE set_hr_ctx(sec_level IN VARCHAR2)      
    AS   
    BEGIN  
     DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT(  
      namespace  => 'global_hr_ctx', 
      attribute  => 'job_role', 
      value      => sec_level);
     END set_hr_ctx;
           
  PROCEDURE clear_hr_context  
    AS
    BEGIN  
     DBMS_SESSION.CLEAR_CONTEXT('global_hr_ctx', 'job_role'); 
    END clear_context;  
  END; 
 /

In this example:

  • DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT ... END set_hr_ctx uses the DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT procedure to set values for the namespace, attribute, and value parameters. The sec_level value is specified when the database application runs the hr_ctx_pkg.set_hr_ctx procedure.

    The username and client_id values are not set, hence, they are NULL. This enables all users (database users) to have access to the values, which is appropriate for server-wide settings.

  • namespace => 'global_hr_ctx' sets the namespace to global_hr_ctx, in the SET_CONTEXT procedure.

  • attribute => 'job_role' creates the job_role attribute.

  • value => sec_level sets the value for the job_role attribute to sec_level.

  • PROCEDURE clear_hr_context creates the clear_hr_context procedure to clear the context values. See Clearing Session Data When the Session Closes for more information.

Typically, you execute this procedure within a database application. For example, if all users logging in are clerks, and you want to use "clerk" as a security level, you would embed a call within a database application similar to the following:

BEGIN
 hr_ctx_pkg.set_hr_ctx('clerk');
END;
/

If the procedure successfully completes, then you can check the application context values as follows:

SELECT SYS_CONTEXT('global_hr_ctx', 'job_role') job_role FROM DUAL;

JOB_ROLE
-----------
clerk

You can clear the global application context values for all database users by running the following procedure:

BEGIN
 hr_ctx_pkg.clear_hr_context;
END;
/

To check that the global context value is really cleared, the following SELECT statement should return no values: 

SELECT SYS_CONTEXT('global_hr_ctx', 'job_role') job_role FROM DUAL;

JOB_ROLE
-----------

If Oracle Database returns error messages saying that you have insufficient privileges, then ensure that you have correctly created the global application context. You should also query the DBA_CONTEXT database view to ensure that your settings are correct, for example, that you are calling the procedure from the schema in which you created it.

If NULL is returned, then you may have inadvertently set a client identifier. To clear the client identifier, run the following procedure: 

EXEC DBMS_SESSION.CLEAR_IDENTIFIER;
9.4.6.6 Global Contexts for Database Users Who Move Between Applications

A global application context can be used for database users who move between application, even when the applications have different access requirements.

To do so, you must include the username parameter in the DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT procedure.

This parameter specifies that the same schema be used for all sessions.

You can use the following DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT parameters:

  • namespace

  • attribute

  • value

  • username

Oracle Database matches the username value so that the other application can recognize the application context. This enables the user to move between applications.

By omitting the client_id setting, its value is NULL, the default. This means that values can be seen by multiple sessions if the username setting is the same for a database user who maintains the same context in different applications. For example, you can have a suite of applications that control user access with Oracle Virtual Private Database policies, with each user restricted to a job role.

Example 9-8 demonstrates how to set the username parameter so that a specific user can move between applications. The use of the username parameter is indicated in bold typeface.

Example 9-8 Package for Global Application Context Values for Moving Between Applications

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE hr_ctx_pkg
  AS
    PROCEDURE set_hr_ctx(sec_level IN VARCHAR2, user_name IN VARCHAR2);
    PROCEDURE clear_hr_context;
   END;
  /
  CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY hr_ctx_pkg
   AS
    PROCEDURE set_hr_ctx(sec_level IN VARCHAR2, user_name IN VARCHAR2)
    AS
     BEGIN
      DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT(
       namespace  => 'global_hr_ctx',
       attribute  => 'job_role',
       value      => sec_level,
       username   => user_name);
      END set_hr_ctx;
 
   PROCEDURE clear_hr_context
    AS
     BEGIN
      DBMS_SESSION.CLEAR_CONTEXT('global_hr_ctx');
     END clear_context;
  END;
 /

Typically, you execute this procedure within a database application by embedding a call similar to the following example. Ensure that the value for the user_name parameter (scott in this case) is a valid database user name. 

BEGIN
 hr_ctx_pkg.set_hr_ctx('clerk', 'scott');
END;

A secure way to manage this type of global application context is within your applications, embed code to grant a secure application role to the user. This code should include EXECUTE permissions on the trusted PL/SQL package that sets the application context. In other words, the application, not the user, will set the context for the user.

9.4.6.7 Global Application Context for Nondatabase Users

When a nondatabase user starts a client session, the application server generates a client session ID.

A nondatabase user is a user who is not known to the database, such as a Web application user.

Once this ID is set on the application server, it must be passed to the database server side. You can do this by using the DBMS_SESSION.SET_IDENTIFIER procedure to set the client session ID.

To set the context, you can set the client_id parameter in the DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT procedure, in a PL/SQL procedure on the server side. This enables you to manage the application context globally, yet each client sees only his or her assigned application context.

The client_id value is the key here to getting and setting the correct attributes for the global application context. Remember that the client identifier is controlled by the middle-tier application, and once set, it remains open until it is cleared.

A typical way to manage this type of application context is to place the session_id value (client_identifier) in a cookie, and send it to the end user's HTML page so that is returned on the next request. A lookup table in the application should also keep client identifiers so that they are prevented from being reused for other users and to implement an end-user session time out.

For nondatabase users, configure the following SET_CONTEXT parameters:

  • namespace

  • attribute

  • value

  • username

  • client_id

9.4.6.8 Example: Package to Manage Global Application Context Values for Nondatabase Users

The CREATE PACKAGE statement can manage global application context values for nondatabase users.

Example 9-9 shows how to create a package that manages this type of global application context.

Example 9-9 Package to Manage Global Application Context Values for Nondatabase Users

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE hr_ctx_pkg  
  AS                         
   PROCEDURE set_session_id(session_id_p IN NUMBER); 
   PROCEDURE set_hr_ctx(sec_level_attr IN VARCHAR2,  
      sec_level_val IN VARCHAR2);    
   PROCEDURE clear_hr_session(session_id_p IN NUMBER); 
   PROCEDURE clear_hr_context;  
  END;     
/
  CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY hr_ctx_pkg 
   AS                     
    session_id_global NUMBER;  
  PROCEDURE set_session_id(session_id_p IN NUMBER) 
   AS                     
   BEGIN   
    session_id_global := session_id_p; 
    DBMS_SESSION.SET_IDENTIFIER(session_id_p);
  END set_session_id; 
     
  PROCEDURE set_hr_ctx(sec_level_attr IN VARCHAR2,
     sec_level_val IN VARCHAR2) 
   AS     
   BEGIN      
    DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT(  
     namespace  => 'global_hr_ctx',  
     attribute  => sec_level_attr,
     value      => sec_level_val,
     username   => USER,
     client_id  => session_id_global); 
   END set_hr_ctx;  
        
  PROCEDURE clear_hr_session(session_id_p IN NUMBER)
   AS 
   BEGIN   
      DBMS_SESSION.SET_IDENTIFIER(session_id_p); 
      DBMS_SESSION.CLEAR_IDENTIFIER;  
   END clear_hr_session;   
   
  PROCEDURE clear_hr_context 
  AS       
  BEGIN            
   DBMS_SESSION.CLEAR_CONTEXT('global_hr_ctx', session_id_global);
  END clear_hr_context;  
 END;  
 /

In this example:

  • session_id_global NUMBER creates the session_id_global variable, which will hold the client session ID. The session_id_global variable is referenced throughout the package definition, including the procedure that creates the global application context attributes and assigns them values. This means that the global application context values will always be associated with this particular session ID.

  • PROCEDURE set_session_id ... END set_session_id creates the set_session_id procedure, which writes the client session ID to the session_id_global variable.

  • PROCEDURE set_hr_ctx ... END set_hr_ctx creates the set_hr_ctx procedure, which creates global application context attributes and enables you to assign values to these attributes. Within this procedure:

    • username => USER specifies the username value. This example sets it by calling the Oracle Database-supplied USER function, which adds the session owner from the context retrieval process. The USER function ensures that only the user who set the application context can access the context. See Oracle Database SQL Language Reference for more information about the USER function.

      If you had specified NULL (the default for the username parameter), then any user can access the context.

      Setting both the username and client_id values enables two scenarios. For lightweight users, set the username parameter to a connection pool owner (for example, APPS_USER), and then set client_id to the client session ID. If you want to use a stateless Web session, set the user_name parameter to the same database user who has logged in, and ensure that this user keeps the same client session ID. See DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT username and client_id Parameters for an explanation of how different username and client_id settings work.

    • client_id => session_id_global specifies client_id value. This example sets it to the session_id_global variable. This associates the context settings defined here with a specific client session ID, that is, the one that is set when you run the set_session_id procedure. If you specify the client_id parameter default, NULL, then the global application context settings could be used by any session.

  • PROCEDURE clear_hr_session ... END clear_hr_session creates the clear_hr_session procedure to clear the client session identifier. The AS clause sets it to ensure that you are clearing the correct session ID, that is, the one stored in variable session_id_p defined in the CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY hr_ctx_pkg procedure.

  • PROCEDURE clear_hr_context ... END clear_hr_context creates the clear_hr_context procedure, so that you can clear the context settings for the current user session, which were defined by the global_hr_ctx variable. See Clearing Session Data When the Session Closes for more information.

9.4.6.9 Clearing Session Data When the Session Closes

The application context exists within memory, so when the user exits a session, you must clear the client_identifier context value.

This releases memory and prevents other users from accidentally using any left over values.

  • To clear session data when a user exits a session, use either of the following methods in the server-side PL/SQL package:

    • Clearing the client identifier when a user exits a session. Use the DBMS_SESSION.CLEAR_IDENTIFIER procedure. For example: 

      DBMS_SESSION.CLEAR_IDENTIFIER;

    • Continuing the session but still clearing the context. If you want the session to continue, but you still need to clear the context, use the DBMS_SESSION.CLEAR_CONTEXT or the DBMS_SESSION.CLEAR_ALL_CONTEXT procedure. For example: 

      DBMS_SESSION.CLEAR_CONTEXT('my_ctx', 'my_attribute');

      The CLEAR_CONTEXT procedure clears the context for the current user. To clear the context values for all users, for example, when you need to shut down the application server, use the CLEAR_ALL_CONTEXT procedure.

      Global application context values are available until they are cleared, so you should use CLEAR_CONTEXT or CLEAR_ALL_CONTEXT to ensure that other sessions do not have access to these values. Be aware that any changes in the context value are reflected immediately and subsequent calls to access the value through the SYS_CONTEXT function will return the most recent value.

9.4.7 Embedding Calls in Middle-Tier Applications to Manage the Client Session ID

You can embed calls in middle-tier applications to manage client session IDs.

Parent topic: Global Application Contexts

9.4.7.1 About Managing Client Session IDs Using a Middle-Tier Application

The application server generates the client session ID.

From a middle-tier application, you can get, set, and clear the client session IDs. To do so, you can embed either Oracle Call Interface (OCI) calls or DBMS_SESSION PL/SQL package procedures into the middle-tier application code.

The application authenticates the user, sets the client identifier, and sets it in the current session. The PL/SQL package SET_CONTEXT sets the client_identifier value in the application context.

9.4.7.2 Step 1: Retrieve the Client Session ID Using a Middle-Tier Application

When a user starts a client session, the application server generates a client session ID.

You can retrieve this ID for use in authenticating the user's access.

  • To retrieve this client ID, use the OCIStmtExecute call with any of the following statements:

    • SELECT SYS_CONTEXT('userenv', 'client_identifier') FROM DUAL;

    • SELECT CLIENT_IDENTIFIER from V$SESSION;

    • SELECT value FROM session_context WHERE attribute='CLIENT_IDENTIFIER';

For example, to use the OCIStmtExecute call to retrieve a client session ID value: 

oratext    clientid[31];  
 OCIDefine  *defnp1 = (OCIDefine *) 0;
 OCIStmt    *statementhndle;
 oratext    *selcid = (oratext *)"SELECT SYS_CONTEXT('userenv',
            'client_identifier') FROM  DUAL";  

OCIStmtPrepare(statementhndle, errhp, selcid,
  (ub4) strlen((char *) selcid), (ub4) OCI_NTV_SYNTAX, (ub4) OCI_DEFAULT);

OCIDefineByPos(statementhndle, &defnp1, errhp, 1, (dvoid *)clientid, 31,
  SQLT_STR, (dvoid *) 0, (ub2 *) 0, (ub2 *) 0, OCI_DEFAULT);

OCIStmtExecute(servhndle, statementhndle, errhp, (ub4) 1, (ub4) 0,
 (CONST OCISnapshot *) NULL, (OCISnapshot *) NULL, OCI_DEFAULT);

  printf("CLIENT_IDENTIFIER = %s \n", clientid);

In this example:

  • oratext, OCIDefine, OCIStmt, and oratext create variables to store the client session ID, reference call for OCIDefine, the statement handle, and the SELECT statement to use.

  • OCIStmtPrepar prepares the statement selcid for execution.

  • OCIDefineByPos defines the output variable clientid for client session ID.

  • OCIStmtExecute executes the statement in the selcid variable.

  • printf prints the formatted output for the retrieved client session ID.

9.4.7.3 Step 2: Set the Client Session ID Using a Middle-Tier Application

Next, you are ready to set the client session ID using a middle-tier application.

Parent topic: Embedding Calls in Middle-Tier Applications to Manage the Client Session ID

9.4.7.3.1 About Setting the Client Session ID Using a Middle-Tier Application

After you use the OCIStmtExecute call to retrieve the client session ID, you are ready to set this ID.

The DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT procedure in the server-side PL/SQL package then sets this session ID and optionally, overwrites the application context values.

You must ensure that the middle-tier application code checks that the client session ID value (for example, the value written to user_id in the previous examples) matches the client_id setting defined in the server-side DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT procedure. The sequence of calls on the application server side should be as follows:

  1. Get the current client session ID. The session should already have this ID, but it is safer to ensure that it truly has the correct value.

  2. Clear the current client session ID. This prepares the application to service a request from a different end user.

  3. Set the new client session ID or the client session ID that has been assigned to the end user. This ensures that the session is using a different set of global application context values.

9.4.7.3.2 Setting the Client Session ID Using a Middle-Tier Application

Oracle Call Interface or the DBMS_SESSION PL/SQL package can set the client session ID using a middle-tier application.

  • Use either of the following methods to set the client session ID on the application server side:

    • Oracle Call Interface. Set the OCI_ATTR_CLIENT_IDENTIFIER attribute in an OCIAttrSet OCI call. This attribute sets the client identifier in the session handle to track the end user identity.

      The following example shows how to use OCIAttrSet with the ATTR_CLIENT_IDENTIFIER parameter. The user_id setting refers to a variable that stores the ID of the user who is logging on. 

      OCIAttrSet((void *)session_handle, (ub4) OCI_HTYPE_SESSION, 
           (void *) user_id, (ub4)strlen(user_id),
           OCI_ATTR_CLIENT_IDENTIFIER, error_handle);

    • DBMS_SESSION package. Use the DBMS_SESSION.SET_IDENTIFIER procedure to set the client identifier for the global application context. For example, assuming you are storing the ID of the user logging on in a variable called user_id, you would enter the following line into the middle-tier application code: 

      DBMS_SESSION.SET_IDENTIFIER(user_id);

Note:

When the application generates a session ID for use as a CLIENT_IDENTIFIER, then the session ID must be suitably random and protected over the network by encryption. If the session ID is not random, then a malicious user could guess the session ID and access the data of another user. If the session ID is not encrypted over the network, then a malicious user could retrieve the session ID and access the connection.

You can encrypt the session ID by using network data encryption. See Configuring Oracle Database Native Network Encryption and Data Integrity for more information. To learn more about encrypting data over a network, see Oracle Database 2 Day + Security Guide.

9.4.7.3.3 Checking the Value of the Client Identifier

For both OCIAttrSet and DBMS_SESSION.SET_IDENTIFIER, you can check the value of the client identifier.

  • To check the value of the client identifier, use one of the of the following approaches:

    • To check it using the SYS_CONTEXT function: 

      SELECT SYS_CONTEXT('userenv', 'client_identifier') FROM DUAL;

    • To check it by querying the V$SESSION view: 

      SELECT CLIENT_IDENTIFIER from V$SESSION;
9.4.7.4 Step 3: Clear the Session Data Using a Middle-Tier Application

The application context exists entirely within memory.

When the user exits a session, you must clear the context for the client_identifier value. This releases memory and prevents other users from accidentally using any left over values

  • To clear session data when a user exits a session, use either of the following methods in the middle-tier application code:

    • Clearing the client identifier when a user exits a session. Use the DBMS_SESSION.CLEAR_IDENTIFIER procedure. For example: 

      DBMS_SESSION.CLEAR_IDENTIFIER;

    • Continuing the session but still clearing the context. If you want the session to continue, but you still need to clear the context, use the DBMS_SESSION.CLEAR_CONTEXT or the DBMS_SESSION.CLEAR_ALL_CONTEXT procedure. For example: 

      DBMS_SESSION.CLEAR_CONTEXT(namespace, client_identifier, attribute);

      The CLEAR_CONTEXT procedure clears the context for the current user. To clear the context values for all users, for example, when you need to shut down the application server, use the CLEAR_ALL_CONTEXT procedure.

      Global application context values are available until they are cleared, so you should use CLEAR_CONTEXT or CLEAR_ALL_CONTEXT to ensure that other sessions do not have access to these values.

9.4.8 Tutorial: Creating a Global Application Context That Uses a Client Session ID

This tutorial demonstrates how you can create a global application context that uses a client session ID.

Parent topic: Global Application Contexts

9.4.8.1 About This Tutorial

This tutorial shows how to create a global application context that uses a client session ID for a lightweight user application.

It demonstrates how to control nondatabase user access by using a connection pool. If you are using a multitenant environment, then this tutorial applies to the current PDB only.

9.4.8.2 Step 1: Create User Accounts

A security administrator will manage the application context and its package, and a user account will own the connection pool.

  1. Log on to SQL*Plus as SYS with the SYSDBA administrative privilege. 
    sqlplus sys as sysdba
Enter password: password
  2. In a multitenant environment, connect to the appropriate PDB.

    For example:

    CONNECT SYS@my_pdb AS SYSDBA
Enter password: password

    To find the available PDBs, query the DBA_PDBS data dictionary view. To check the current PDB, run the show con_name command.

  3. Create the local user account sysadmin_ctx, who will administer the global application context.
    CREATE USER sysadmin_ctx IDENTIFIED BY password CONTAINER = CURRENT;
GRANT CREATE SESSION, CREATE ANY CONTEXT, CREATE PROCEDURE TO sysadmin_ctx;

GRANT EXECUTE ON DBMS_SESSION TO sysadmin_ctx;

    Follow the guidelines in Minimum Requirements for Passwords to replace password with a password that is secure.

  4. Create the local database account apps_user, who will own the connection pool.
    CREATE USER apps_user IDENTIFIED BY password CONTAINER = CURRENT;
GRANT CREATE SESSION TO apps_user;

    Replace password with a password that is secure.

9.4.8.3 Step 2: Create the Global Application Context

Next, you are ready to create the global application context.

  1. Log on as the security administrator sysadmin_ctx. 
    CONNECT sysadmin_ctx -- Or, CONNECT sysadmin_ctx@hrpdb
Enter password: password
  2. Create the cust_ctx global application context. 
    CREATE CONTEXT global_cust_ctx USING cust_ctx_pkg ACCESSED GLOBALLY;

    The cust_ctx context is created and associated with the schema of the security administrator sysadmin_ctx. However, the SYS schema owns the application context.

9.4.8.4 Step 3: Create a Package for the Global Application Context

The PL/SQL package will manage the global application context that you created.

  1. As sysadmin_ctx, create the following PL/SQL package:
    CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE cust_ctx_pkg
  AS
   PROCEDURE set_session_id(session_id_p IN NUMBER); 
   PROCEDURE set_cust_ctx(sec_level_attr IN VARCHAR2, 
     sec_level_val IN VARCHAR2);
   PROCEDURE clear_hr_session(session_id_p IN NUMBER);
   PROCEDURE clear_hr_context;
  END;
 /
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY cust_ctx_pkg
  AS
  session_id_global NUMBER;
 
 PROCEDURE set_session_id(session_id_p IN NUMBER) 
  AS
  BEGIN
   session_id_global := session_id_p;
   DBMS_SESSION.SET_IDENTIFIER(session_id_p);
 END set_session_id;
 
 PROCEDURE set_cust_ctx(sec_level_attr IN VARCHAR2, sec_level_val IN VARCHAR2)
  AS
  BEGIN
   DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT(
    namespace  => 'global_cust_ctx',
    attribute  => sec_level_attr,
    value      => sec_level_val,
    username   => USER, -- Retrieves the session user, in this case, apps_user
    client_id  => session_id_global);
  END set_cust_ctx;
 
  PROCEDURE clear_hr_session(session_id_p IN NUMBER)
   AS
   BEGIN
     DBMS_SESSION.SET_IDENTIFIER(session_id_p);
     DBMS_SESSION.CLEAR_IDENTIFIER;
   END clear_hr_session;

 PROCEDURE clear_hr_context
  AS
  BEGIN
   DBMS_SESSION.CLEAR_CONTEXT('global_cust_ctx', session_id_global);
  END clear_hr_context;
 END;
/

    For a detailed explanation of how this type of package works, see Example 9-9.

  2. Grant EXECUTE privileges on the cust_ctx_pkg package to the connection pool owner, apps_user.
    GRANT EXECUTE ON cust_ctx_pkg TO apps_user;
9.4.8.5 Step 4: Test the Newly Created Global Application Context

At this stage, you are ready to explore how this global application context and session ID settings work.

  1. Log on to SQL*Plus as the connection pool owner, user apps_user. 

    CONNECT apps_user -- Or, CONNECT apps_user@hrpdb
Enter password: password

  2. When the connection pool user logs on, the application sets the client session identifier as follows:

    BEGIN
 sysadmin_ctx.cust_ctx_pkg.set_session_id(34256);
END;
/

  3. Test the value of the client session identifier.

    1. Set the session ID: 

      EXEC sysadmin_ctx.cust_ctx_pkg.set_session_id(34256);

    2. Check the session ID: 

      SELECT SYS_CONTEXT('userenv', 'client_identifier') FROM DUAL;

      The following output should appear:

      SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','CLIENT_IDENTIFIER')
--------------------------------------------------
34256

  4. Set the global application context as follows:

    EXEC sysadmin_ctx.cust_ctx_pkg.set_cust_ctx('Category', 'Gold Partner');
EXEC sysadmin_ctx.cust_ctx_pkg.set_cust_ctx('Benefit Level', 'Highest');

    (In a real-world scenario, the middle-tier application would set the global application context values, similar to how the client session identifier was set in Step 2.)

  5. Enter the following SELECT SYS_CONTEXT statement to check that the settings were successful: 

    col category format a13
col benefit_level format a14

SELECT SYS_CONTEXT('global_cust_ctx', 'Category') category, SYS_CONTEXT('global_cust_ctx', 'Benefit Level') benefit_level FROM DUAL;

    The following output should appear:

    CATEGORY       BENEFIT_LEVEL
-------------  --------------
Gold Partner   Highest

What apps_user has done here, within the client session 34256, is set a global application context on behalf of a nondatabase user. This context sets the Category and Benefit Level DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT attributes to be Gold Partner and Highest, respectively. The context exists only for user apps_user with client ID 34256. When a nondatabase user logs in, behind the scenes, he or she is really logging on as the connection pool user apps_user. Hence, the Gold Partner and Highest context values are available to the nondatabase user.

Suppose the user had been a database user and could log in without using the intended application. (For example, the user logs in using SQL*Plus.) Because the user has not logged in through the connection pool user apps_user, the global application context appears empty to our errant user. This is because the context was created and set under the apps_user session. If the user runs the SELECT SYS_CONTEXT statement, then the following output appears: 

CATEGORY       BENEFIT_LEVEL
-------------  --------------
9.4.8.6 Step 5: Modify the Session ID and Test the Global Application Context Again

Next, clear and then modify the session ID and test the global application context again.

  1. As user apps_user, clear the session ID.
    EXEC sysadmin_ctx.cust_ctx_pkg.clear_hr_session(34256);
  2. Check the global application context settings again. 
    SELECT SYS_CONTEXT('global_cust_ctx', 'Category') category, SYS_CONTEXT('global_cust_ctx', 'Benefit Level') benefit_level FROM DUAL;

CATEGORY       BENEFIT_LEVEL
-------------  --------------

    Because apps_user has cleared the session ID, the global application context settings are no longer available.

  3. Restore the session ID to 34256, and then check the context values.
    EXEC sysadmin_ctx.cust_ctx_pkg.set_session_id(34256);

SELECT SYS_CONTEXT('global_cust_ctx', 'Category') category, SYS_CONTEXT('global_cust_ctx', 'Benefit Level') benefit_level FROM DUAL;

    The following output should appear:

    CATEGORY       BENEFIT_LEVEL
-------------  --------------
Gold Partner   Highest

    As you can see, resetting the session ID to 34256 brings the application context values back again. To summarize, the global application context must be set only once for this user, but the client session ID must be set each time the user logs on.

  4. Now try clearing and then checking the global application context values.
    EXEC sysadmin_ctx.cust_ctx_pkg.clear_hr_context;

SELECT SYS_CONTEXT('global_cust_ctx', 'Category') category, SYS_CONTEXT('global_cust_ctx', 'Benefit Level') benefit_level FROM DUAL;

    The following output should appear:

    CATEGORY       BENEFIT_LEVEL
-------------  --------------

    At this stage, the client session ID, 34256 is still in place, but the application context settings no longer exist. This enables you to continue the session for this user but without using the previously set application context values.

9.4.8.7 Step 6: Remove the Components of This Tutorial

If you no longer need the components of this tutorial, then you can remove them.

  1. Connect as SYS with the SYSDBA administrative privilege.
    CONNECT SYS AS SYSDBA -- Or, CONNECT SYS@mypdb AS SYSDBA
Enter password: password
  2. Drop the global application context. 
    DROP CONTEXT global_cust_ctx;

    Remember that even though sysadmin_ctx created the global application context, it is owned by the SYS schema.

  3. Drop the two sample users.
    DROP USER sysadmin_ctx CASCADE;
DROP USER apps_user;

9.4.9 Global Application Context Processes

A simple global application context uses a database user account create the user session; a global application context is for lightweight users.

Parent topic: Global Application Contexts

9.4.9.1 Simple Global Application Context Process

In a simple global application context process, the application uses a database user to create a user session.

The value for the context attribute of a simple global application context process can be retrieved from a SELECT statement.

Consider the application server, AppSvr, which has assigned the client identifier 12345 to client SCOTT. The AppSvr application uses the SCOTT user to create a session. (In other words, it is not a connection pool.) The value assigned to the context attribute can come from anywhere, for example, from running a SELECT statement on a table that holds the responsibility codes for users. When the application context is populated, it is stored in memory. As a result, any action that needs the responsibility code can access it quickly with a SYS_CONTEXT call, without the overhead of accessing a table. The only advantage of a global context over a local context in this case is if SCOTT were changing applications frequently and used the same context in each application.

The following steps show how the global application context process sets the client identifier for SCOTT:

  1. The administrator creates a global context namespace by using the following statement:

    CREATE OR REPLACE CONTEXT hr_ctx USING hr.init ACCESSED GLOBALLY;

  2. The administrator creates a PL/SQL package for the hr_ctx application context to indicate that, for this client identifier, there is an application context called responsibility with a value of 13 in the HR namespace.: 

    CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE hr.init 
 AS
 BEGIN
  DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT(
    namespace => 'hr_ctx', 
    attribute => 'responsibility', 
    value     => '13', 
    username  => 'SCOTT', 
    client_id => '12345' );
 END;
/

    This PL/SQL procedure is stored in the HR database schema, but typically it is stored in the schema of the security administrator.

  3. The AppSvr application issues the following command to indicate the connecting client identity each time scott uses AppSvr to connect to the database: 

    EXEC DBMS_SESSION.SET_IDENTIFIER('12345');

  4. When there is a SYS_CONTEXT('hr_ctx','responsibility') call within the database session, the database matches the client identifier, 12345, to the global context, and then returns the value 13.

  5. When exiting this database session, AppSvr clears the client identifier by issuing the following procedure: 

    EXEC DBMS_SESSION.CLEAR_IDENTIFIER( );

  6. To release the memory used by the application context, AppSvr issues the following procedure: 

    DBMS_SESSION.CLEAR_CONTEXT('hr_ctx', '12345');

    CLEAR_CONTEXT is needed when the user session is no longer active, either on an explicit logout, timeout, or other conditions determined by the AppSvr application.

Note:

After a client identifier in a session is cleared, it becomes a NULL value. This implies that subsequent SYS_CONTEXT calls only retrieve application contexts with NULL client identifiers, until the client identifier is set again using the SET_IDENTIFIER interface.

9.4.9.2 Global Application Context Process for Lightweight Users

You can set a global application contexts for lightweight users.

You can configure this access so that when other users log in, they cannot access the global application context.

The following steps show the global application context process for a lightweight user application. The lightweight user, robert, is not known to the database through the application.

  1. The administrator creates the global context namespace by using the following statement:

    CREATE CONTEXT hr_ctx USING hr.init ACCESSED GLOBALLY;

  2. The HR application server, AppSvr, starts and then establishes multiple connections to the HR database as the appsmgr user.

  3. User robert logs in to the HR application server.

  4. AppSvr authenticates robert to the application.

  5. AppSvr assigns a temporary session ID (or uses the application user ID), 12345, for this connection.

  6. The session ID is returned to the Web browser used by robert as part of a cookie or is maintained by AppSvr.

  7. AppSvr initializes the application context for this client by calling the hr.init package, which issues the following statements: 

    DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT( 'hr_ctx', 'id', 'robert', 'APPSMGR', 12345 );
DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT( 'hr_ctx', 'dept', 'sales', 'APPSMGR', 12345 );

  8. AppSvr assigns a database connection to this session and initializes the session by issuing the following statement: 

    DBMS_SESSION.SET_IDENTIFIER( 12345 );

  9. All SYS_CONTEXT calls within this database session return application context values that belong only to the client session.

    For example, SYS_CONTEXT('hr','id') returns the value robert.

  10. When finished with the session, AppSvr issues the following statement to clean up the client identity: 

    DBMS_SESSION.CLEAR_IDENTIFIER ( );

Even if another user logged in to the database, this user cannot access the global context set by AppSvr, because AppSvr specified that only the application with user APPSMGR logged in can see it. If AppSvr used the following, then any user session with client ID set to 12345 can see the global context: 

DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT( 'hr_ctx', 'id', 'robert', NULL , 12345 );
DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT( 'hr_ctx', 'dept', 'sales', NULL , 12345 );

Setting USERNAME to NULL enables different users to share the same context.

Note:

Be aware of the security implication of different settings of the global context. NULL in the user name means that any user can access the global context. A NULL client ID in the global context means that a session with an uninitialized client ID can access the global context. To ensure that only the user who has logged on can access the session, specify USER instead of NULL.

You can query the client identifier set in the session as follows:

SELECT SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','CLIENT_IDENTIFIER') FROM DUAL;

The following output should appear:

SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','CLIENT_IDENTIFIER')
-------------------------------------------------
12345

A security administrator can see which sessions have the client identifier set by querying the V$SESSION view for the CLIENT_IDENTIFIER and USERNAME, for example: 

COL client_identifier format a18
SELECT CLIENT_IDENTIFIER, USERNAME from V$SESSION;

The following output should appear:

CLIENT_IDENTIFIER   USERNAME
------------------  --------
12345               APPSMGR

To check the amount of global context area (in bytes) being used, use the following query: 

SELECT SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','GLOBAL_CONTEXT_MEMORY') FROM DUAL;

The following output should appear:

SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','GLOBAL_CONTEXT_MEMORY')
----------------------------------------------
584

See Also:

For more information about using the CLIENT_IDENTIFIER predefined attribute of the USERENV application context:

Parent topic: Global Application Context Processes

9.5 Using Client Session-Based Application Contexts

A client session-based application context is stored in the User Global Area (UGA).

Parent topic: Using Application Contexts to Retrieve User Information

9.5.1 About Client Session-Based Application Contexts

Oracle Call Interface (OCI) functions can set and clear the User Global Area (UGA) user session information.

The advantage of this type of application context in a session-based application context is that an individual application can check for specific nondatabase user session data, rather than having the database perform this task. Another advantage is that the calls to set the application context value are included in the next call to the server, which improves performance.

However, be aware that application context security is compromised with a client session-based application context: any application user can set the client application context, and no check is performed in the database.

You configure the client session-based application context for the client application only. You do not configure any settings on the database server to which the client connects. Any application context settings in the database server do not affect the client session-based application context.

To configure a client session-based application context, use the OCIAppCtxSet OCI function. A client session-based application context uses the CLIENTCONTEXT namespace, updatable by any OCI client or by the existing DBMS_SESSION package for application context. Oracle Database performs no privilege or package security checks for this type.

The CLIENTCONTEXT namespace enables a single application transaction to both change the user context information and use the same user session handle to service the new user request. You can set or clear individual values for attributes in the CLIENTCONTEXT namespace, or clear all their values.

  • An OCI client uses the OCIAppCtx function to set variable length data for the namespace, called OCISessionHandle. The OCI network single, round-trip transport sends all the information to the server in one round-trip. On the server side, you can query the application context information by using the SYS_CONTEXT SQL function on the namespace. For example:

  • A JDBC client uses the oracle.jdbc.internal.OracleConnection function to achieve the same purposes.

Any user can set, clear, or collect the information in the CLIENTCONTEXT namespace, because it is not protected by package-based security.

See Also:

Oracle Call Interface Programmer's Guide for more information about client application contexts

Parent topic: Using Client Session-Based Application Contexts

9.5.2 Setting a Value in the CLIENTCONTEXT Namespace

Oracle Call Interface (OCI) can set the CLIENTCONTEXT namespace.

  • To set a value in the CLIENTCONTEXT namespace, use the OCIAppCTXSet command, in the following syntax: 

    err = OCIAppCtxSet((void *) session_handle,(dvoid *)"CLIENTCONTEXT",(ub4) 13,
                   (dvoid *)attribute_name, length_of_attribute_name 
                   (dvoid *)attribute_value, length_of_attribute_value, errhp,
                   OCI_DEFAULT);

In this specification:

  • session_handle represents the OCISessionHandle namespace.

  • attribute_name is the name of the attribute. For example, responsibility, with a length of 14.

  • attribute_value is the value of the attribute. For example, manager, with a length of 7.

See Also:

Oracle Call Interface Programmer's Guide for details about the OCIAppCtx function

Parent topic: Using Client Session-Based Application Contexts

9.5.3 Retrieving the CLIENTCONTEXT Namespace

You can use Oracle Call Interface to retrieve the CLIEINTCONTEXT namespace.

  • To retrieve the CLIENTCONTEXT namespace, use the OCIStmtExecute call with either of the following statements:

    • SELECT SYS_CONTEXT('CLIENTCONTEXT', 'attribute-1') FROM DUAL;

    • SELECT VALUE FROM SESSION_CONTEXT WHERE NAMESPACE='CLIENTCONTEXT' AND ATTRIBUTE='attribute-1';

The attribute-1 value can be any attribute value that has already been set in the CLIENTCONTEXT namespace. Oracle Database only retrieves the set attribute; otherwise, it returns NULL. Typically, you set the attribute by using the OCIAppCtxSet call. In addition, you can embed a DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT call in the OCI code to set the attribute value.

Parent topic: Using Client Session-Based Application Contexts

9.5.4 Example: Retrieving a Client Session ID Value for Client Session-Based Contexts

The OCI OCIStmtExecute call can retrieve client session ID values for client session-based contexts.

Example 9-10 shows how to use the OCIStmtExecute call to retrieve a client session ID value.

Example 9-10 Retrieving a Client Session ID Value for Client Session-Based Contexts

oratext    clientid[31];
OCIDefine  *defnp1 = (OCIDefine *) 0;
OCIStmt    *statementhndle;
oratext    *selcid = (oratext *)"SELECT SYS_CONTEXT('CLIENTCONTEXT',
            attribute) FROM  DUAL"; 
 
OCIStmtPrepare(statementhndle, errhp, selcid, (ub4) strlen((char *) selcid),
  (ub4) OCI_NTV_SYNTAX, (ub4) OCI_DEFAULT); 
 
OCIDefineByPos(statementhndle, &defnp1, errhp, 1, (dvoid *)clientid, 31,
  SQLT_STR, (dvoid *) 0, (ub2 *) 0, (ub2 *) 0, OCI_DEFAULT);
 
OCIStmtExecute(servhndle, statementhndle, errhp, (ub4) 1, (ub4) 0,
  (CONST OCISnapshot *) NULL, (OCISnapshot *) NULL, OCI_DEFAULT);

 printf("CLIENT_IDENTIFIER = %s \n", clientid);

In this example:

  • oratext, OCIDefine, OCIStmt, and oratext create variables to store the client session ID, reference call for OCIDefine, the statement handle, and the SELECT statement to use.

  • OCIStmtPrepare prepares the statement selcid for execution.

  • OCIDefineByPos defines the output variable clientid for client session ID.

  • OCIStmtExecute executes the statement in the selcid variable.

  • printf prints the formatted output for the retrieved client session ID.

Parent topic: Using Client Session-Based Application Contexts

9.5.5 Clearing a Setting in the CLIENTCONTEXT Namespace

You can use Oracle Call Interface to clear the CLIENTCONTEXT namespace.

  • To clear a setting in CLIENTCONTEXT, set the value to NULL or to an empty string by using one of the following commands:

    • The following command sets the empty string to zero:

      (void) OCIAppCtxSet((void *) session_handle, (dvoid *)"CLIENTCONTEXT", 13,
                   (dvoid *)attribute_name, length_of_attribute_name, 
                   (dvoid *)0, 0,errhp
                   OCI_DEFAULT);

    • This following command sets the empty string to a blank value:

      (void) OCIAppCtxSet((void *) session_handle, (dvoid *)"CLIENTCONTEXT", 13
                   (dvoid *)attribute_name, length_of_attribute_name, 
                   (dvoid *)"", 0,errhp,
                   OCI_DEFAULT);

Parent topic: Using Client Session-Based Application Contexts

9.5.6 Clearing All Settings in the CLIENTCONTEXT Namespace

You can use Oracle Call Interface (OCI) to clear the CLIENTCONTEXT namespace.

  • To clear the namespace, use the OCIAppCtxClearAll command in the following form: 

    err = OCIAppCtxClearAll((void *) session_handle, 
                       (dvoid *)"CLIENTCONTEXT", 13,
                        errhp,                        OCI_DEFAULT);

Parent topic: Using Client Session-Based Application Contexts

9.6 Application Context Data Dictionary Views

Oracle Database provides data dictionary views that provide information about application contexts.

Table 9-3 lists these data dictionary views.

Table 9-3 Data Dictionary Views That Display Information about Application Contexts

View Description

ALL_CONTEXT

Describes all context namespaces in the current session for which attributes and values were specified using the DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT procedure. It lists the namespace and its associated schema and PL/SQL package.

ALL_POLICY_CONTEXTS

Describes the driving contexts defined for the synonyms, tables, and views accessible to the current user. (A driving context is a context used in a Virtual Private Database policy.)

DBA_CONTEXT

Provides all context namespace information in the database. Its columns are the same as those in the ALL_CONTEXT view, except that it includes the TYPE column. The TYPE column describes how the application context is accessed or initialized.

DBA_OBJECTS

Provides the names of existing application contexts. Query the OBJECT_TYPE column of the DBA_OBJECTS view, as follows: 

SELECT OBJECT_NAME FROM DBA_OBJECTS WHERE OBJECT_TYPE ='CONTEXT';

DBA_POLICY_CONTEXTS

Describes all driving contexts in the database that were added by the DBMS_RLS.ADD_POLICY_CONTEXT procedure. Its columns are the same as those in ALL_POLICY_CONTEXTS.

SESSION_CONTEXT

Describes the context attributes and their values set for the current session.

USER_POLICY_CONTEXTS

Describes the driving contexts defined for the synonyms, tables, and views owned by the current user. Its columns (except for OBJECT_OWNER) are the same as those in ALL_POLICY_CONTEXTS.

V$CONTEXT

Lists set attributes in the current PDB session. Users do not have access to this view unless you grant the user the SELECT privilege on it.

V$SESSION

Lists detailed information about each current PDB session. Users do not have access to this view unless you grant the user the SELECT privilege on it.

Tip:

In addition to these views, check the database trace file if you find errors when running applications that use application contexts. The USER_DUMP_DEST initialization parameter sets the directory location of the trace files. You can find the value of this parameter by issuing SHOW PARAMETER USER_DUMP_DEST in SQL*Plus.

See Also:

Parent topic: Using Application Contexts to Retrieve User Information