5
Database Tools Overview

Oracle9i for Windows includes various tools to perform database functions. This chapter describes the preferred tools to perform common database administration tasks and explains how the tools can be started.

Unless otherwise noted, the features described in this manual are common to Oracle9i Enterprise Edition, Oracle9i Standard Edition, and Oracle9i Personal Edition.

This chapter contains these topics:

• Choosing a Database Tool

• Starting Database Tools

• Using SQL*Loader

• Using Windows Tools

• Optional Windows Diagnostic and Tuning Utilities

Choosing a Database Tool

Database tools is a collective term for tools, utilities, and assistants that you can use to perform database administration tasks. Some database tools perform similar tasks, though no one database tool performs all database administration tasks. The following sections indicate which database tools can be used on particular operating systems and the preferred tools to use for common database administration tasks.

Note: Oracle Server Manager is no longer shipped as of this release. All Server Manager text and examples have been replaced with SQL*Plus equivalents. Additionally, connecting to the database as CONNECT INTERNAL is no longer supported. SQL> CONNECT INTERNAL/password@tnsalias has been replaced by: SQL> CONNECT SYS/password@tnsalias AS SYSDBA

Database Tools and Operating System Compatibility

Table 5-1 lists database tools and the operating system(s) on which each can be used.

Table 5-1  Database Tools and Operating System Compatibility

Database Tools	Windows NT/2000	Windows 95/98
Application Development
SQL*Plus (SQLPLUS)Foot 1	Yes	Yes
Pro*C/C++	Yes	Yes
Pro*COBOL	Yes	Yes
Object Type Translator (OTT)	Yes	Yes
Oracle Services for Microsoft Transaction Server	Yes	No
Oracle Portal (formerly Oracle WebDB)Foot 2	Yes	Yes
Database Administration
Oracle Enterprise ManagerFoot 3	Yes	Yes
SQL*Plus (SQLPLUS)	Yes	Yes
Oracle Administration Assistant for Windows NT	Yes	No
Oracle Database Configuration Assistant	Yes	No
Oracle Advanced SecurityFoot 4	Yes	Yes
Oracle Performance Monitor for Windows NT	Yes	No
Migration Utilities
Oracle Data Migration Assistant	Yes	No
Oracle Migration WorkbenchFoot 5	Yes	Yes
Oracle Utilities from the Command Line
Migration Utility (MIG)	Yes	No
DBVERIFY (DBVERF)	Yes	Yes
Export Utility (EXP)Foot 6	Yes	Yes
Import Utility (IMP)Foot 7	Yes	Yes
OCOPY	Yes	Yes
ORADIMFoot 8	Yes	No
Password Utility (ORAPWD)Foot 9	Yes	No
Recovery Manager (RMAN)	Yes	Yes
SQL*Loader (SQLLDR)	Yes	Yes
TKPROF	Yes	Yes
OPERFCFG	Yes	Yes
Network Administration
Oracle Net Manager	Yes	Yes
Oracle Net Configuration Assistant	Yes	Yes
Windows Tools
Task Manager	Yes	Yes
Control Panel	Yes	Yes
Event Viewer	Yes	No
Registry Editor	Yes	Yes
User Manager	YesFoot 10	No
Microsoft Management Console	YesFoot 11	No

1 The ORADEBUG utility can be used through SQL*Plus to send debug commands to Oracle processes. See "Using the ORADEBUG Utility" in Oracle9i Database Administrator's Guide for Windows. 2 Available on a separate CD-ROM. 3 Oracle Enterprise Manager and its optional management packs have additional integrated tools to assist in managing databases. See the Oracle Enterprise Manager Concepts Guide for more information. 4 Includes Enterprise Login Assistant and Oracle Wallet Manager. Available only with Oracle9i Enterprise Edition and Oracle9i Personal Edition, and not Oracle9i Standard Edition. See your installActions.log at C:\program files\Oracle\Inventory\logs. 5 Available on a separate CD-ROM. 6 The VOLSIZE parameter for the Export and Import utilities is not supported on Windows NT. If you attempt to use the utilities with the VOLSIZE parameter, then error LRM-00101 occurs. For example: D:\> exp system/manager full=y volsize=100m; LRM-00101: unknown parameter name 'volsize' EXP-00019: failed to process parameters, type 'EXP HELP=Y' for help EXP-00000: Export terminated unsuccessfully 7 See footnote 6. 8 ORADIM operates only on local databases. 9 ORAPWD does not work on password files for remote databases. 10 Windows NT only. 11 Must be obtained from Microsoft Corporation for use with Windows NT 4.0; automatically included with Windows 2000.

Preferred Database Tools

Table 5-2 lists the various database tools you can use to perform common database administration tasks. Oracle Corporation recommends you use the tools listed in the "Preferred Database Tool" column of the table. After choosing a tool to perform a task, go to Table 5-3, " Starting Database Tools from the Start Menu", for instructions on how to start the tool.

Table 5-2  Preferred Database Tools

Database Administration Task	Preferred Database Tool	Other Database Tools
Create a database	Oracle Database Configuration Assistant	SQL*Plus Worksheet
Delete database services	Oracle Database Configuration Assistant	ORADIM
Start a database	Oracle Enterprise Manager Console	SQL*Plus SQL*Plus Worksheet
Shut down a database	Oracle Enterprise Manager Console	Control Panel SQL*Plus SQL*Plus Worksheet
Change database passwords	ORAPWD	ORADIMFoot 1
Migrate a database	Oracle Data Migration AssistantFoot 2	Migration Utility (MIG)
Upgrade a database	Oracle Data Migration Assistant	Run provided scripts in SQL*PlusFoot 3
Export data	Oracle Enterprise Manager Export Wizard	Export Utility (EXP)
Import data	Oracle Enterprise Manager Import Wizard	Import Utility (IMP)
Load data	Oracle Enterprise Manager Load Wizard	SQL*Loader (SQLLDR)
Back up database	Oracle Enterprise Manager Backup WizardFoot 4	Recovery Manager (RMAN) OCOPY
Recover database	Oracle Enterprise Manager Recovery Wizard	Recovery Manager (RMAN) OCOPY
Authenticate database administrators and users	Oracle Enterprise Manager Console	SQL*Plus Windows operating system Oracle Administration Assistant for Windows NT SQL*Plus Worksheet
Store encrypted and decrypted Oracle Wallet (Oracle Advanced Security and Oracle PKI integration)	Oracle Wallet Manager (OWM) creates the encrypted Oracle Wallet Oracle Enterprise Login Assistant creates the obfuscated decrypted Wallet	None
Grant database roles	Oracle Enterprise Manager Console	User Manager SQL*Plus
Create database objectsFoot 5	Oracle Enterprise Manager Console	SQL*Plus

1 ORADIM can only set a password when none was previously set. If a password has been previously set, then ORADIM can change it only by deleting and recreating the Oracle9i services. 2 Oracle Data Migration Assistant can migrate an Oracle7 release 7.3.4 database to the current release; it can also upgrade Oracle8 release 8.0.6 and Oracle8i release 8.1.5, 8.1.6, and 8.1.7 databases to the current release. It cannot be used to upgrade an earlier Oracle7 database release to a later Oracle7 database release. See your Oracle7 for Windows NT documentation for information on how to upgrade from one Oracle7 database to another. 3 Required when upgrading Oracle Real Application Clusters systems. 4 If you back up files while you are shutting down the database, then your backup will be invalid. You cannot use an invalid backup to restore files at a later date. 5 See Oracle9i Database Administrator's Guide for guidelines on creating database objects.

Starting Database Tools

This section describes how to start each of the database tools in the following categories:

• Starting Database Tools in Multiple Oracle Homes

• Starting Database Tools from the Start Menu

• Starting Database Tools from the Command Line

• Starting the Oracle Enterprise Manager Console

• Starting Windows Tools

You will be referred back to this section for database tool startup procedures as you use this manual.

Starting Database Tools in Multiple Oracle Homes

If you have multiple Oracle homes on your computer from previous releases, then see Chapter 6, "Multiple Oracle Homes and Optimal Flexible Architecture" for a description of the differences between Oracle homes before and after Oracle9i release 1 (9.0.1).

Starting Tools from Oracle8 Release 8.0.4 and Later 8.0.x Multiple Oracle Homes

If you are using multiple Oracle homes, then the command to start a tool from any home other than the first includes a HOME_NAME, where HOME_NAME indicates the name of that Oracle home. The first Oracle home created on your computer does not have HOME_NAME appended to the group. For example:

To start Oracle Administration Assistant from the first Oracle home, choose:

Start > Programs > Oracle > Configuration and Migration Tools > Administration Assistant for Windows NT

To start Oracle Administration Assistant from an additional Oracle home, choose:

Start > Programs > Oracle - HOME_NAME > Configuration and Migration Tools > Administration Assistant for Windows NT

Starting Tools from Oracle8i Release 8.1.3 and Later Multiple Oracle Homes

Beginning in Oracle8i release 8.1.3, each Oracle home, including the first Oracle home you create on your computer, has a unique HOME_NAME. For example:

To start Oracle Administration Assistant from any Oracle home, choose:

Start > Programs > Oracle - HOME_NAME > Configuration and Migration Tools > Administration Assistant for Windows NT

Starting Database Tools from the Start Menu

Table 5-3 describes how to start assistants and other tools from the Start Menu. It also tells where to go for further information on using these products.

Note: When you use an assistant, you must have read and write access to the directory where database files will be moved or created. To create an Oracle9i database, you must have an administrative privilege. If you run Oracle Database Configuration Assistant from an account that is not part of the Administrators group, then the tool exits without completing the operation.

Table 5-3  Starting Database Tools from the Start Menu

Tool	Start Menu Path	More Information
Administration Assistant for Windows NT	Start > Programs > Oracle - HOME_NAME > Configuration and Migration Tools > Administration Assistant for Windows NT	"Administering External Users and Roles" in Oracle9i Network, Directory, and Security Guide for Windows
Data Migration Assistant	Start > Programs > Oracle - HOME_NAME > Configuration and Migration Tools > Data Migration Assistant	Oracle9i Database Migration
Database Configuration Assistant	Start > Programs > Oracle - HOME_NAME > Configuration and Migration Tools > Database Configuration Assistant	"Using Oracle Database Configuration Assistant" in Oracle9i Database Administrator's Guide for Windows
Enterprise Login Assistant	Start > Programs > Oracle - HOME_NAME > Configuration and Migration Tools > Enterprise Login Assistant	Oracle Advanced Security Administrator's Guide
Enterprise Manager Configuration Assistant	Start > Programs > Oracle - HOME_NAME > Configuration and Migration Tools > Enterprise Manager Configuration Assistant	Oracle Enterprise Manager Configuration Guide
Enterprise Manager Console	Start > Programs > Oracle - HOME_NAME > Enterprise Manager Console	Oracle Enterprise Manager Administrator's Guide
INTYPE File Assistant	Start > Programs > Oracle - HOME_NAME > Application Development > INTYPE File Assistant	INTYPE File Assistant online help
Locale Builder	Start > Programs > Oracle - HOME_NAME > Configuration and Migration Tools > Locale Builder	Oracle9i Database Globalization Support Guide
Microsoft ODBC Administrator	Start > Programs > Oracle - HOME_NAME > Configuration and Migration Tools > Microsoft ODBC Administration	Microsoft ODBC Administration online help
Migration Workbench	Start > Programs > Oracle - HOME_NAME > Configuration and Migration Tools > Migration Workbench	Oracle Migration Workbench Release Notes Oracle Migration Workbench for MS SQL Server and Sybase Adaptive Server Reference Guide Oracle Migration Workbench for MS Access Reference Guide
Net Configuration Assistant	Start > Programs > Oracle - HOME_NAME > Configuration and Migration Tools > Net Configuration Assistant	Oracle9i Net Services Administrator's Guide
Net Manager	Start > Programs > Oracle - HOME_NAME > Configuration and Migration Tools > Net Manager	Oracle9i Net Services Administrator's Guide
Oracle Directory Manager	Start > Programs > Oracle - HOME_NAME > Integrated Management Tools > Oracle Directory Manager	Oracle Internet Directory Administrator's Guide
Oracle for Windows NT Performance Monitor	Start > Programs > Oracle - HOME_NAME > Configuration and Migration Tools > Oracle for Windows NT Performance Monitor	Oracle9i Database Administrator's Guide for Windows
Pro*C/C++	Start > Programs > Oracle - HOME_NAME > Application Development > Pro*C/C++	Pro*C/C++ Precompiler Programmer's Guide
SQL*Plus	Start > Programs > Oracle - HOME_NAME > Application Development > SQL*Plus	SQL*Plus User's Guide and Reference "Starting and Shutting Down a Database with SQL*Plus" in Oracle9i Database Administrator's Guide for Windows
SQL*Plus Worksheet	Start > Programs > Oracle - HOME_NAME > Application Development > SQL*Plus Worksheet Start > Programs > Oracle - HOME_NAME > Integrated Management Tools > SQL*Plus Worksheet	Oracle Enterprise Manager Administrator's Guide
Start HTTP Server powered by Apache	Start > Programs > Oracle - HOME_NAME > Oracle HTTP Server > Start HTTP Server powered by Apache	ORACLE_BASE\ORACLE_HOME\ Apache\Apache\htdocs\index.htm
Stop HTTP Server powered by Apache	Start > Programs > Oracle - HOME_NAME > Oracle HTTP Server > Stop HTTP Server powered by Apache	ORACLE_BASE\ORACLE_HOME\ Apache\Apache\htdocs\index.htm
Wallet Manager	Start > Programs > Oracle - HOME_NAME > Integrated Management Tools > Wallet Manager	Oracle Advanced Security Administrator's Guide

Starting Database Tools from the Command Line

Table 5-4 describes how to start Oracle database tools from the command line, and where to go for further information on using these products.

Table 5-4  Starting Database Tools from the Command Line

Tool	Enter at Prompt	More Information
Oracle Enterprise Manager Console	C:\> oemapp console	Oracle Enterprise Manager Administrator's Guide
DBVERIFY	C:\> dbv DBVERIFY starts and prompts you for a filename parameter. To obtain a list of parameters, enter: C:\> dbv help=y	Oracle9i Database Utilities
Export UtilityFoot 1	C:\> exp username password EXP starts and prompts you for parameters. To obtain a list of these parameters, enter: C:\> exp help=y	Oracle9i Database Utilities for instructions on use of the Export Utility Oracle9i Database Error Messages for information on error messages
Import UtilityFoot 2	C:\> imp username password IMP starts and prompts you for parameters. To obtain a list of these parameters, enter: C:\> imp help=y	Oracle9i Database Utilities Oracle9i Database Error Messages
Migration Utility	C:\> mig To obtain a list of parameters, enter: C:\> mig help=y	Oracle9i Database Migration
OCOPY	C:\> ocopy	"Backing Up Files with the OCOPY Utility" in Oracle9i Database Administrator's Guide for Windows
OPERFCFG	C:\> operfcfg	"Modifying Oracle Performance Monitor for Windows NT Parameters" in this manual
ORADIM	C:\> oradim parameters To get a complete listing of ORADIM parameters, enter:Foot 3 C:\> oradim -? | -h | -help	"Using the ORADIM Utility to Administer an Oracle Instance" in Oracle9i Database Administrator's Guide for Windows
Password Utility (ORAPWD)	C:\> orapwd The password file is hidden. Use Windows Explorer to see it in a file list. Choose View > Options > View > Show All Files	"Creating Password Files" in Oracle9i Database Administrator's Guide for Windows
Recovery Manager (RMAN)	C:\> rman parameters	Oracle9i Database Administrator's Guide for Windows Oracle9i Recovery Manager User's Guide
SQL*Plus (SQLPLUS)	C:\> sqlplus	SQL*Plus User's Guide and Reference "Starting and Shutting Down a Database with SQL*Plus" in Oracle9i Database Administrator's Guide for Windows
SQL*Loader (SQLLDR)	C:\> sqlldr SQL*Loader displays a Help screen with the available keywords and default values.	Oracle9i Database Utilities Oracle9i Database Error Messages "Starting Windows Tools" in this manual
TKPROF	C:\> tkprof	Oracle9i Database Performance Guide and Reference

1 When running the Export Utility on Windows, the default values for the BUFFER and RECORDLENGTH parameters are 4 KB and 2 KB respectively. This default RECORDLENGTH parameter does not depend on the value of BUFSIZ defined in the system header file. If you specify a value larger than USHRT_MAX (64 KB), you will get a warning message. The VOLSIZE parameter for the Export Utility is not supported on Windows. To export an entire database, you must use the EXP_FULL_DATABASE role. 2 See footnote 1. 3 Entering oradim without any options also displays a listing of parameters.

Starting the Oracle Enterprise Manager Console

The Oracle Enterprise Manager Console can be started:

• From the Start Menu or Command Line

• From a Web Browser

From the Start Menu or Command Line

• Choose Start > Programs > Oracle - HOME_NAME > Enterprise Manager Console.

• At the command line, enter: C:\> oemapp console

You are prompted to choose between logging in to a Management Server or starting in standalone mode.

Text description of the illustration doemlogn.gif

Choose standalone when you want to connect directly to your database(s) to perform administrative tasks. The first time Enterprise Manager is started in standalone mode, the Add Database To Tree dialog appears, allowing you to add your database(s) to Enterprise Manager's navigation tree. For more information, see "Standalone" in the Oracle Enterprise Manager Configuration Guide.

In Standalone mode you will not have access to functionality typically available through the Management Server and Intelligent Agent, however, because they are not required in standalone mode. These unavailable features include:

• Management of several different target types

• Sharing data among several administrators

• Advance warning of potential problems

• Automation of repetitive tasks

• Backup and data management tools

• Reports customization, scheduling, and publishing

• Running the client from a Web browser

These features are all available when you choose to log in to a Management Server, which is automatically installed and configured during standard Oracle9i Database installation types. If you performed a custom database installation, however, you may need to install and configure a Management Server. For installation instructions, see your Oracle9i Database installation guide for Windows. For configuration instructions, see "Configuring and Controlling the Management Server" in the Oracle Enterprise Manager Configuration Guide.

If this is your first login to a Management Server, you must enter the default Enterprise Manager administrator name sysman and its password oem_temp. The Management Server on the node you select or enter must already be configured with the repository you want to access. For more information, see "Configuring the Console When Connected to a Management Server" in the Oracle Enterprise Manager Configuration Guide.

From a Web Browser

The Enterprise Manager Web site component is installed in the ORACLE_HOME\oem_webstage directory by default. In addition, the Enterprise Manager Web site automatically installs a preconfigured Oracle HTTP server to act as its Web server.

If you want to use a Web server other than the default preconfigured Oracle HTTP server, you must install and manually configure it. Additional supported Web servers include:

• Oracle Internet Application Server, release 1.0 and later

• Apache, release 1.3.9 and later

• Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS), release 4.0 and later

1. Start your Web browser and enter the following URL regardless of which Web server you have installed.

   http://webserver_hostname:port number/
   
   

   where webserver_hostname is the name of the Web server computer, and port number is whatever the Web server is configured for. The port number of the default preconfigured Oracle HTTP Server is 3339.

   The Enterprise Manager page appears, allowing you to start the Enterprise Manager Console, view previously published Enterprise Manager reports, or link to other sites.

   .
   
   Text description of the illustration website.gif

2. To start the Enterprise Manager Console, enter the name of the Oracle Management Server to which you want to connect and click the button labeled "Launch Console".

3. If you are logging in to Oracle Enterprise Manager for the first time, then type in the default credentials (administrator name and password).

   Administrator = sysman

   Password = oem_temp

   These credentials are for the default super administrator account. The first time you start Enterprise Manager, you must log in as the super administrator. After other administrator accounts have been created using the super administrator account, you can log in as a different administrator.

   Note: Enterprise Manager must be configured before the reports access feature will work. See the Oracle Enterprise Manager Configuration Guide for information on: Configuration tasks How to connect to an Oracle database Installing the Oracle Enterprise Manager Web Site Installing the Web server

   Starting Windows Tools

   Table 5-5 describes how to start each Windows tool and where to go for more information on using these products.

   Table 5-5  Starting Windows Tools

   Tool	Start Procedure	More Information
   Event Viewer	Choose Start > Programs > Administrative Tools > Event Viewer	"Event Viewer" in this manual Your Microsoft operating system documentation
   Microsoft Management Console (MMC)Foot 1	Choose Start > Programs > Oracle - HOME_NAME > Configuration and Migration Tools > Administration Assistant for Windows NT	Your Microsoft operating system documentation
   Oracle Performance Monitor for Windows NT	Choose Start > Programs > Oracle - HOME_NAME > Configuration and Migration Tools > Oracle for Windows NT Performance Monitor	"Using Oracle Performance Monitor for Windows NT" in Oracle9i Database Administrator's Guide for Windows Your Microsoft operating system documentation
   Registry Editor	At the MS-DOS command prompt on Windows NT and 2000, enter: C:\> regedt32 At the MS-DOS command prompt on Windows 95 and 98, enter: C:\> regedit	"Registry Editor" in this manual Chapter 9, "Configuration Parameters and the Registry" Your Microsoft operating system documentation
   Task Manager	Right-click the Task Bar	"Task Manager" in this manual Your Microsoft operating system documentation
   User Manager	Choose Start > Programs > Administrative Tools > User Manager	"User Manager" in this manual "Authenticating Database Users with Windows" in Oracle9i Network, Directory, and Security Guide for Windows Your Microsoft operating system documentation

   1 MMC is started whenever the Oracle Administration Assistant for Windows NT is started.

   Using SQL*Loader

   This section describes Windows-specific information for using SQL*Loader (SQLLDR).

   Windows Processing Options

   This section discusses the possible values for the Operating System Dependent (OSD) file processing specifications string option, referred to in the "SQL*Loader Control File Reference" chapter of Oracle9i Database Utilities.

   Default (No Processing Option) or "str terminator_string"

   Stream record format in which each record is terminated by a record terminator. If "str terminator_string" is not specified, then the record terminator defaults to either the Windows NT-style record terminator (the two-character sequence carriage return, \r, followed by line feed, \n) or the UNIX-style record terminator (single-character line feed, \n). The maximum record size is 48 KB.

   When processing stream format data files, SQL*Loader can usually recognize record terminators automatically, whether they are Windows NT-style or UNIX-style. So you usually do not need to specify which record terminator you are using.

   For external table loads on NT, however, only the Windows NT-style record terminators are recognized automatically. If your data file contains UNIX-style record terminators, you must specify the record terminator. If you are using SQL*Loader (with the external_table option), then specify the UNIX-style record terminator by specifying "str '\n'" on the INFILE line in the SQL*Loader control file. For example:

   INFILE mydata.dat "str '\n'"
   
   

   You can also specify the record terminator in hex, by specifying "str x'0a'" (assuming an ASCII-based character set). For example:

   INFILE mydata.dat "str x'0a'"
   
   

   Note that the "0" (zero) before the "a" is required. If you are using SQL with an access parameter list to create the external table, then you must specify '\n' in a RECORDS DELIMITED BY clause. For example:

   RECORDS DELIMITED BY '\n'
   
   

   You can also use a hex string in this case. For example:

   RECORDS DELIMITED BY 0x'0a'
   
   

   Note that in this case, the "0" (zero) before the "x" and the "0" (zero) before the "a" are both required.

   "FIX n"

   Fixed record format in which each record is exactly n bytes long. Record terminators are not required with fixed record format. If the record includes a record terminator, then the record terminator bytes are included in the number of bytes n.

   "VAR n"

   Variable record format in which the length of each record in a character field is included at the beginning of each record in the datafile. Record terminators are not required with the variable record format. This format provides some added flexibility over the fixed record format and a performance advantage over the stream record format. You can specify a datafile that is to be interpreted as being in variable record format as follows:

   INFILE "mydata.dat" "var n"
   
   

   In this example, n specifies the number of bytes in the record length field. If n is not specified, SQL*Loader assumes a length of 5 bytes. Specifying n larger than 40 will result in an error. Lengths are always interpreted in bytes, even if character-length semantics are in effect for the file. This is necessary because the file could contain a mix of fields, some processed with character-length semantics and others processed with byte-length semantics.

   Case Study Files

   The distribution media for SQL*Loader contains case study files for control files, datafiles, and setup files in ulcase1,...ulcase11 in the following directory: ORACLE_HOME\rdbms\demo.

   Specifying the Bad File

   When SQL*Loader executes, it can create a file called a bad file or reject file in which it places records that were rejected because of formatting errors or because they caused Oracle errors. If you have specified that a bad file is to be created, it overwrites any existing file with the same name; ensure that you do not overwrite a file you wish to retain.

   Control File Conventions

   When preparing SQL*Loader control files (.ctl), you must follow certain syntax and notational conventions.

   In full path descriptions, backslashes do not require escape characters or other special treatment. When embedding a single or double quotation mark inside a string delimited by double quotation marks, place a backslash escape character before the embedded quotation mark.

   When specifying datatypes in the SQL*Loader control file, note that the default sizes of native datatypes shown in Table 5-6 are specific to Windows. These datatypes can be loaded with correct results only between systems where they have the same length in bytes. You cannot override these defaults in the control file. If the byte order is different between the systems, you can indicate the byte order of the data with the BYTEORDER parameter, or you can place a byte-order mark (BOM) in the file.

   Table 5-6  Default Sizes of Native Datatypes

   Native Datatypes	Default Field Length
   DOUBLE	8
   FLOAT	4
   INTEGERFoot 1	4
   SMALLINT	2

   1 The default listed is correct if INTEGER is specified without a size. But INTEGER(n) is also allowed. In that case, n specifies the size of the INTEGER field in bytes.

   See Also: Oracle9i Database Utilities for a complete list of options and instructions on using SQL*Loader

   Using Windows Tools

   The following Windows tools can be used to administer an Oracle database:

   • Event Viewer

   • Microsoft Management Console

   • Oracle Performance Monitor for Windows NT

   • Registry Editor

   • Task Manager

   • User Manager

   Event Viewer

   Event Viewer lets you monitor events in your system. An event is an important occurrence in the system or application (such as your Oracle database) that requires user notification. While messages for major events can appear on-screen as you work at your computer, events not requiring your immediate attention are recorded by Windows in the Event Viewer log file. You can then view this information at your convenience.

   Event Viewer can be used to monitor Oracle database events, such as:

   • Initialization of the System Global Area for the active instance

   • Initialization of the Program Global Area (PGA) for the background processes of the active instance

   • Connection to the Oracle database using AS SYSDBA

   In addition, the operating system audit trail is logged to Event Viewer.

   See Also: "Monitoring a Database" in Oracle9i Database Administrator's Guide for Windows for specific instructions on accessing and using Event Viewer to monitor Oracle database events

   Microsoft Management Console

   The Microsoft Management Console provides a central location for network administration. The Microsoft Management Console hosts applications (called snap-ins) that administrators can use to manage their networks. The Oracle snap-ins enable database administrators to:

   • Configure Oracle database administrators, operators, users, and roles so the Windows operating system can authenticate them

   • Configure OracleServiceSID

   • Modify registry parameters for all Oracle homes on the computer

   • Modify the computer hostname, username, and password for the database being monitored by the Oracle Performance Monitor for Windows NT

   • View and terminate an Oracle thread

   Oracle Performance Monitor for Windows NT

   Oracle Performance Monitor for Windows NT is integrated into Microsoft's Performance Monitor. This tool enables you to view the performance of processors, memory, cache, threads, and processes. Performance information provided includes device usage, queue lengths, delays, throughput measurements, and internal congestion measurements. This information is provided in the form of charts, alerts, and reports.

   You can use Oracle Performance Monitor to monitor key Oracle database information, such as:

   • Library cache

   • Buffer cache

   • Data dictionary cache

   • Redo log buffer cache

   • Thread activity

   You can use your findings to improve database performance.

   See Also: "Using Oracle Performance Monitor for Windows NT" in Oracle9i Database Administrator's Guide for Windows for specific instructions on accessing and using the Oracle Performance Monitor to monitor Oracle database performance

   Registry Editor

   The Oracle9i database stores its configuration information in a structure known as the registry. You can view and modify this configuration information through the Registry Editor. The registry contains configuration information for your computer and must not be accessible for editing by inexperienced users. Only experienced administrators should view and change this information.

   The Registry Editor displays configuration information in a format similar to Windows Explorer. In the left-hand window is a tree-like format consisting of keys (or folders). When one of these keys is highlighted, the parameters and values assigned to that key are displayed in the right-hand window.

   When you install products from your CD-ROM, configuration parameters are automatically entered in the registry. These parameters are read each time your Windows computer is restarted and whenever an Oracle product is started. These parameters include settings for:

   • Oracle home directory

   • Language

   • Company name

   • Oracle home subdirectories for individual products

   • Individual products such as SQL*Plus

   • Services

     See Also: Chapter 9, "Configuration Parameters and the Registry" for definitions of Oracle database configuration parameters and specific instructions on using the registry to modify Oracle database configuration parameters

   Task Manager

   Task Manager has three display options:

   • Applications: Displays what applications are running. This is useful for identifying and ending unresponsive tasks. (Oracle does not appear as an application because it runs as a service.)

   • Processes: Displays details of currently running processes and their resource usage. The columns are customizable.

   • Performance: Graphically displays real-time CPU and memory usage, which is useful for spotting sudden changes.

   User Manager

   User Manager enables you to manage Windows computer security and create user accounts on Windows NT. With User Manager, you can:

   • Grant Oracle database roles

   • Use operating system authentication for user accounts (For example, you can grant DBA access to an NT user.)

   • Create an NT user account that enables you to make secure client connections to the Oracle9i database without a password

     See Also: "Manually Administering External Users and Roles" in Oracle9i Network, Directory, and Security Guide for Windows for specific instructions on using User Manager to perform Oracle database administration

   Optional Windows Diagnostic and Tuning Utilities

   The Windows NT Resource Kit includes several diagnostic and tuning utilities.

   QuickSlice: Provides a quick overview of what is occurring on the system, using a graphical user interface.

   • Distinguishes between time spent in user mode and kernel mode

   • Low overhead on the system (unlike Performance Monitor)

   • Shows a continuous display, rather than just a snapshot

   • You can double-click a process to open a window with more details

   Process Viewer: Summarizes resource usage by a process.

   Process Explode: Provides a detailed display of resource usage by a process.

   Task List: Displays resource usage and other details of a process when its processor identifier or process name is given as an argument. This tool also displays a list of executables and DLLs associated with a process.

   See Also: "Administering a Database" in Oracle9i Database Administrator's Guide for Windows for OracleServiceSID configuration tasks "Authenticating Database Users with Windows" in Oracle9i Network, Directory, and Security Guide for Windows for authentication tasks "Monitoring a Database" in Oracle9i Database Administrator's Guide for Windows for thread management tasks Chapter 3, "Using Oracle9i on Windows 2000" Chapter 9, "Configuration Parameters and the Registry" in this manual, and "Monitoring a Database" in Oracle9i Database Administrator's Guide for Windows for Oracle Performance Monitor for Windows NT tasks Your Oracle9i Database installation guide for Windows for the components available for installation