MySQL 5.6 Reference Manual Including MySQL NDB Cluster 7.3-7.4 Reference Guide
The “safeness” of a statement in MySQL Replication, refers to whether the statement and its effects can be replicated correctly using statement-based format. If this is true of the statement, we refer to the statement as safe; otherwise, we refer to it as unsafe.
In general, a statement is safe if it deterministic, and unsafe if it is not. However, certain nondeterministic functions are not considered unsafe (see Nondeterministic functions not considered unsafe, later in this section). In addition, statements using results from floating-point math functions—which are hardware-dependent—are always considered unsafe (see Section 17.4.1.12, “Replication and Floating-Point Values”).
Handling of safe and unsafe statements.
A statement is treated differently depending on whether the
statement is considered safe, and with respect to the binary
logging format (that is, the current value of
binlog_format
).
When using row-based logging, no distinction is made in the treatment of safe and unsafe statements.
When using mixed-format logging, statements flagged as unsafe are logged using the row-based format; statements regarded as safe are logged using the statement-based format.
When using statement-based logging, statements flagged as being unsafe generate a warning to this effect. Safe statements are logged normally.
Each statement flagged as unsafe generates a warning. Formerly,
if a large number of such statements were executed on the
source, this could lead to excessively large error log files. To
prevent this, MySQL provides a warning suppression mechanism
(introduced in MySQL 5.6.7), which behaves as follows: Whenever
the 50 most recent
ER_BINLOG_UNSAFE_STATEMENT
warnings have been generated more than 50 times in any 50-second
period, warning suppression is enabled. When activated, this
causes such warnings not to be written to the error log;
instead, for each 50 warnings of this type, a note The
last warning was repeated
is written
to the error log. This continues as long as the 50 most recent
such warnings were issued in 50 seconds or less; once the rate
has decreased below this threshold, the warnings are once again
logged normally. Warning suppression has no effect on how the
safety of statements for statement-based logging is determined,
nor on how warnings are sent to the client. MySQL clients still
receive one warning for each such statement.
N
times in
last S
seconds
For more information, see Section 17.1.2, “Replication Formats”.
Statements considered unsafe. Statements with the following characteristics are considered unsafe:
Statements containing system functions that may return a different value
on replica.
These functions include
FOUND_ROWS()
,
GET_LOCK()
,
IS_FREE_LOCK()
,
IS_USED_LOCK()
,
LOAD_FILE()
,
MASTER_POS_WAIT()
,
PASSWORD()
,
RAND()
,
RELEASE_LOCK()
,
ROW_COUNT()
,
SESSION_USER()
,
SLEEP()
,
SYSDATE()
,
SYSTEM_USER()
,
USER()
,
UUID()
, and
UUID_SHORT()
.
Nondeterministic functions not considered unsafe.
Although these functions are not deterministic, they are
treated as safe for purposes of logging and replication:
CONNECTION_ID()
,
CURDATE()
,
CURRENT_DATE()
,
CURRENT_TIME()
,
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()
,
CURTIME()
,,
LAST_INSERT_ID()
,
LOCALTIME()
,
LOCALTIMESTAMP()
,
NOW()
,
UNIX_TIMESTAMP()
,
UTC_DATE()
,
UTC_TIME()
, and
UTC_TIMESTAMP()
.
For more information, see Section 17.4.1.15, “Replication and System Functions”.
References to system variables. Most system variables are not replicated correctly using the statement-based format. See Section 17.4.1.35, “Replication and Variables”. For exceptions, see Section 5.4.4.3, “Mixed Binary Logging Format”.
UDFs. Since we have no control over what a UDF does, we must assume that it is executing unsafe statements.
Trigger or stored program updates a table having an AUTO_INCREMENT column. This is unsafe because the order in which the rows are updated may differ on the source and the replica.
In addition, an INSERT
into a
table that has a composite primary key containing an
AUTO_INCREMENT
column that is not the
first column of this composite key is unsafe.
For more information, see Section 17.4.1.1, “Replication and AUTO_INCREMENT”.
INSERT DELAYED statement. This statement is considered unsafe because the insertion of the rows may interleave with concurrently executing statements.
INSERT ... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE statements on tables with multiple primary or unique keys. When executed against a table that contains more than one primary or unique key, this statement is considered unsafe, being sensitive to the order in which the storage engine checks the keys, which is not deterministic, and on which the choice of rows updated by the MySQL Server depends.
An
INSERT
... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE
statement against a
table having more than one unique or primary key is marked
as unsafe for statement-based replication beginning with
MySQL 5.6.6. (Bug #11765650, Bug #58637)
Updates using LIMIT. The order in which rows are retrieved is not specified, and is therefore considered unsafe. See Section 17.4.1.17, “Replication and LIMIT”.
Accesses or references log tables. The contents of the system log table may differ between source and replica.
Nontransactional operations after transactional operations. Within a transaction, allowing any nontransactional reads or writes to execute after any transactional reads or writes is considered unsafe.
For more information, see Section 17.4.1.32, “Replication and Transactions”.
Accesses or references self-logging tables. All reads and writes to self-logging tables are considered unsafe. Within a transaction, any statement following a read or write to self-logging tables is also considered unsafe.
LOAD DATA statements.
LOAD DATA
is treated as
unsafe and when
binlog_format=mixed
the
statement is logged in row-based format. When
binlog_format=statement
LOAD DATA
does not generate
a warning, unlike other unsafe statements.
For additional information, see Section 17.4.1, “Replication Features and Issues”.