13.1.14 CREATE INDEX Statement

CREATE [UNIQUE | FULLTEXT | SPATIAL] INDEX index_name
    [index_type]
    ON tbl_name (key_part,...)
    [index_option]
    [algorithm_option | lock_option] ...

key_part:
    col_name [(length)] [ASC | DESC]

index_option: {
    KEY_BLOCK_SIZE [=] value
  | index_type
  | WITH PARSER parser_name
  | COMMENT 'string'
}

index_type:
    USING {BTREE | HASH}

algorithm_option:
    ALGORITHM [=] {DEFAULT | INPLACE | COPY}

lock_option:
    LOCK [=] {DEFAULT | NONE | SHARED | EXCLUSIVE}

Normally, you create all indexes on a table at the time the table itself is created with CREATE TABLE. See Section 13.1.18, “CREATE TABLE Statement”. This guideline is especially important for InnoDB tables, where the primary key determines the physical layout of rows in the data file. CREATE INDEX enables you to add indexes to existing tables.

CREATE INDEX is mapped to an ALTER TABLE statement to create indexes. See Section 13.1.8, “ALTER TABLE Statement”. CREATE INDEX cannot be used to create a PRIMARY KEY; use ALTER TABLE instead. For more information about indexes, see Section 8.3.1, “How MySQL Uses Indexes”.

InnoDB supports secondary indexes on virtual columns. For more information, see Section 13.1.18.8, “Secondary Indexes and Generated Columns”.

When the innodb_stats_persistent setting is enabled, run the ANALYZE TABLE statement for an InnoDB table after creating an index on that table.

An index specification of the form (key_part1, key_part2, ...) creates an index with multiple key parts. Index key values are formed by concatenating the values of the given key parts. For example (col1, col2, col3) specifies a multiple-column index with index keys consisting of values from col1, col2, and col3.

A key_part specification can end with ASC or DESC. These keywords are permitted for future extensions for specifying ascending or descending index value storage. Currently, they are parsed but ignored; index values are always stored in ascending order.

The following sections describe different aspects of the CREATE INDEX statement:

Column Prefix Key Parts

For string columns, indexes can be created that use only the leading part of column values, using col_name(length) syntax to specify an index prefix length:

Prefixes can be specified for CHAR, VARCHAR, BINARY, and VARBINARY key parts.
Prefixes must be specified for BLOB and TEXT key parts. Additionally, BLOB and TEXT columns can be indexed only for InnoDB, MyISAM, and BLACKHOLE tables.
Prefix limits are measured in bytes. However, prefix lengths for index specifications in CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, and CREATE INDEX statements are interpreted as number of characters for nonbinary string types (CHAR, VARCHAR, TEXT) and number of bytes for binary string types (BINARY, VARBINARY, BLOB). Take this into account when specifying a prefix length for a nonbinary string column that uses a multibyte character set.
Prefix support and lengths of prefixes (where supported) are storage engine dependent. For example, a prefix can be up to 767 bytes long for InnoDB tables or 3072 bytes if the innodb_large_prefix option is enabled. For MyISAM tables, the prefix length limit is 1000 bytes. The NDB storage engine does not support prefixes (see Section 21.2.7.6, “Unsupported or Missing Features in NDB Cluster”).

As of MySQL 5.7.17, if a specified index prefix exceeds the maximum column data type size, CREATE INDEX handles the index as follows:

For a nonunique index, either an error occurs (if strict SQL mode is enabled), or the index length is reduced to lie within the maximum column data type size and a warning is produced (if strict SQL mode is not enabled).
For a unique index, an error occurs regardless of SQL mode because reducing the index length might enable insertion of nonunique entries that do not meet the specified uniqueness requirement.

The statement shown here creates an index using the first 10 characters of the name column (assuming that name has a nonbinary string type):

CREATE INDEX part_of_name ON customer (name(10));

If names in the column usually differ in the first 10 characters, lookups performed using this index should not be much slower than using an index created from the entire name column. Also, using column prefixes for indexes can make the index file much smaller, which could save a lot of disk space and might also speed up INSERT operations.

Unique Indexes

A UNIQUE index creates a constraint such that all values in the index must be distinct. An error occurs if you try to add a new row with a key value that matches an existing row. If you specify a prefix value for a column in a UNIQUE index, the column values must be unique within the prefix length. A UNIQUE index permits multiple NULL values for columns that can contain NULL.

If a table has a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE NOT NULL index that consists of a single column that has an integer type, you can use _rowid to refer to the indexed column in SELECT statements, as follows:

_rowid refers to the PRIMARY KEY column if there is a PRIMARY KEY consisting of a single integer column. If there is a PRIMARY KEY but it does not consist of a single integer column, _rowid cannot be used.
Otherwise, _rowid refers to the column in the first UNIQUE NOT NULL index if that index consists of a single integer column. If the first UNIQUE NOT NULL index does not consist of a single integer column, _rowid cannot be used.

Full-Text Indexes

FULLTEXT indexes are supported only for InnoDB and MyISAM tables and can include only CHAR, VARCHAR, and TEXT columns. Indexing always happens over the entire column; column prefix indexing is not supported and any prefix length is ignored if specified. See Section 12.9, “Full-Text Search Functions”, for details of operation.

Spatial Indexes

The MyISAM, InnoDB, NDB, and ARCHIVE storage engines support spatial columns such as POINT and GEOMETRY. (Section 11.4, “Spatial Data Types”, describes the spatial data types.) However, support for spatial column indexing varies among engines. Spatial and nonspatial indexes on spatial columns are available according to the following rules.

Spatial indexes on spatial columns (created using SPATIAL INDEX) have these characteristics:

Available only for MyISAM and InnoDB tables. Specifying SPATIAL INDEX for other storage engines results in an error.
Indexed columns must be NOT NULL.
Column prefix lengths are prohibited. The full width of each column is indexed.

Nonspatial indexes on spatial columns (created with INDEX, UNIQUE, or PRIMARY KEY) have these characteristics:

Permitted for any storage engine that supports spatial columns except ARCHIVE.
Columns can be NULL unless the index is a primary key.
For each spatial column in a non-SPATIAL index except POINT columns, a column prefix length must be specified. (This is the same requirement as for indexed BLOB columns.) The prefix length is given in bytes.
The index type for a non-SPATIAL index depends on the storage engine. Currently, B-tree is used.
Permitted for a column that can have NULL values only for InnoDB, MyISAM, and MEMORY tables.

Index Options

Following the key part list, index options can be given. An index_option value can be any of the following:

KEY_BLOCK_SIZE [=] value
For MyISAM tables, KEY_BLOCK_SIZE optionally specifies the size in bytes to use for index key blocks. The value is treated as a hint; a different size could be used if necessary. A KEY_BLOCK_SIZE value specified for an individual index definition overrides a table-level KEY_BLOCK_SIZE value.
KEY_BLOCK_SIZE is not supported at the index level for InnoDB tables. See Section 13.1.18, “CREATE TABLE Statement”.

index_type

Some storage engines permit you to specify an index type when creating an index. For example:

CREATE TABLE lookup (id INT) ENGINE = MEMORY;
CREATE INDEX id_index ON lookup (id) USING BTREE;

Table 13.1, “Index Types Per Storage Engine” shows the permissible index type values supported by different storage engines. Where multiple index types are listed, the first one is the default when no index type specifier is given. Storage engines not listed in the table do not support an index_type clause in index definitions.

Table 13.1 Index Types Per Storage Engine

Storage Engine	Permissible Index Types
`InnoDB`	`BTREE`
`MyISAM`	`BTREE`
`MEMORY`/`HEAP`	`HASH`, `BTREE`
`NDB`	`HASH`, `BTREE` (see note in text)

The index_type clause cannot be used for FULLTEXT INDEX or SPATIAL INDEX specifications. Full-text index implementation is storage engine dependent. Spatial indexes are implemented as R-tree indexes.

BTREE indexes are implemented by the NDB storage engine as T-tree indexes.

Note

For indexes on NDB table columns, the USING option can be specified only for a unique index or primary key. USING HASH prevents the creation of an ordered index; otherwise, creating a unique index or primary key on an NDB table automatically results in the creation of both an ordered index and a hash index, each of which indexes the same set of columns.

For unique indexes that include one or more NULL columns of an NDB table, the hash index can be used only to look up literal values, which means that IS [NOT] NULL conditions require a full scan of the table. One workaround is to make sure that a unique index using one or more NULL columns on such a table is always created in such a way that it includes the ordered index; that is, avoid employing USING HASH when creating the index.

If you specify an index type that is not valid for a given storage engine, but another index type is available that the engine can use without affecting query results, the engine uses the available type. The parser recognizes RTREE as a type name, but currently this cannot be specified for any storage engine.

Note

Use of the index_type option before the ON tbl_name clause is deprecated; you should expect support for use of the option in this position to be removed in a future MySQL release. If an index_type option is given in both the earlier and later positions, the final option applies.

TYPE type_name is recognized as a synonym for USING type_name. However, USING is the preferred form.

The following tables show index characteristics for the storage engines that support the index_type option.

Table 13.2 InnoDB Storage Engine Index Characteristics

Index Class	Index Type	Stores NULL VALUES	Permits Multiple NULL Values	IS NULL Scan Type	IS NOT NULL Scan Type
Primary key	`BTREE`	No	No	N/A	N/A
Unique	`BTREE`	Yes	Yes	Index	Index
Key	`BTREE`	Yes	Yes	Index	Index
`FULLTEXT`	N/A	Yes	Yes	Table	Table
`SPATIAL`	N/A	No	No	N/A	N/A

Table 13.3 MyISAM Storage Engine Index Characteristics

Index Class	Index Type	Stores NULL VALUES	Permits Multiple NULL Values	IS NULL Scan Type	IS NOT NULL Scan Type
Primary key	`BTREE`	No	No	N/A	N/A
Unique	`BTREE`	Yes	Yes	Index	Index
Key	`BTREE`	Yes	Yes	Index	Index
`FULLTEXT`	N/A	Yes	Yes	Table	Table
`SPATIAL`	N/A	No	No	N/A	N/A

Table 13.4 MEMORY Storage Engine Index Characteristics

Index Class	Index Type	Stores NULL VALUES	Permits Multiple NULL Values	IS NULL Scan Type	IS NOT NULL Scan Type
Primary key	`BTREE`	No	No	N/A	N/A
Unique	`BTREE`	Yes	Yes	Index	Index
Key	`BTREE`	Yes	Yes	Index	Index
Primary key	`HASH`	No	No	N/A	N/A
Unique	`HASH`	Yes	Yes	Index	Index
Key	`HASH`	Yes	Yes	Index	Index

Table 13.5 NDB Storage Engine Index Characteristics

Index Class	Index Type	Stores NULL VALUES	Permits Multiple NULL Values	IS NULL Scan Type	IS NOT NULL Scan Type
Primary key	`BTREE`	No	No	Index	Index
Unique	`BTREE`	Yes	Yes	Index	Index
Key	`BTREE`	Yes	Yes	Index	Index
Primary key	`HASH`	No	No	Table (see note 1)	Table (see note 1)
Unique	`HASH`	Yes	Yes	Table (see note 1)	Table (see note 1)
Key	`HASH`	Yes	Yes	Table (see note 1)	Table (see note 1)

Table note:

1. If USING HASH is specified that prevents creation of an implicit ordered index.

WITH PARSER parser_name
This option can be used only with FULLTEXT indexes. It associates a parser plugin with the index if full-text indexing and searching operations need special handling. InnoDB and MyISAM support full-text parser plugins. If you have a MyISAM table with an associated full-text parser plugin, you can convert the table to InnoDB using ALTER TABLE. See Full-Text Parser Plugins and Writing Full-Text Parser Plugins for more information.
COMMENT 'string'
Index definitions can include an optional comment of up to 1024 characters.
The MERGE_THRESHOLD for index pages can be configured for individual indexes using the index_option COMMENT clause of the CREATE INDEX statement. For example:
```
CREATE TABLE t1 (id INT);
CREATE INDEX id_index ON t1 (id) COMMENT 'MERGE_THRESHOLD=40';
```
If the page-full percentage for an index page falls below the MERGE_THRESHOLD value when a row is deleted or when a row is shortened by an update operation, InnoDB attempts to merge the index page with a neighboring index page. The default MERGE_THRESHOLD value is 50, which is the previously hardcoded value.
MERGE_THRESHOLD can also be defined at the index level and table level using CREATE TABLE and ALTER TABLE statements. For more information, see Section 14.8.12, “Configuring the Merge Threshold for Index Pages”.

Table Copying and Locking Options

ALGORITHM and LOCK clauses may be given to influence the table copying method and level of concurrency for reading and writing the table while its indexes are being modified. They have the same meaning as for the ALTER TABLE statement. For more information, see Section 13.1.8, “ALTER TABLE Statement”

NDB Cluster formerly supported online CREATE INDEX operations using an alternative syntax that is no longer supported. NDB Cluster now supports online operations using the same ALGORITHM=INPLACE syntax used with the standard MySQL Server. See Section 21.6.12, “Online Operations with ALTER TABLE in NDB Cluster”, for more information.