Table of Contents

• Title and Copyright Information
• Preface
  • Audience
  • Documentation Accessibility
  • Related Documents
  • Conventions
• Introduction to Oracle AI Database
  • About Relational Databases
    • Database Management System (DBMS)
    • Relational Model
    • Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)
  • Schema Objects
    • Tables
    • Indexes
  • Data Access
    • Structured Query Language (SQL)
    • PL/SQL, Java, and JavaScript
  • Transaction Management
    • Transactions
    • Data Concurrency
    • Data Consistency
  • Oracle AI Database Architecture
    • Database and Instance
      • Multitenant Architecture
        • CDBs
        • PDBs
        • Application Containers
      • Globally Distributed Database Architecture
    • Database Storage Structures
      • Physical Storage Structures
      • Logical Storage Structures
    • Database Instance Structures
      • Oracle AI Database Processes
      • Instance Memory Structures
    • Application and Networking Architecture
      • Application Architecture
      • Oracle Net Services Architecture
• Part I Multitenant Architecture
  • CDBs and PDBs
    • About Containers in a CDB
    • The CDB Root and System Container
    • PDBs
      • Types of PDBs
      • Purpose of PDBs
      • Proxy PDBs
      • Names for PDBs
      • Database Links Between PDBs
  • Application Containers
    • About Application Containers
      • Purpose of Application Containers
        • Key Benefits of Application Containers
        • Application Container Use Case: SaaS
        • Application Containers Use Case: Logical Data Warehouse
      • Application Root
      • Application PDBs
      • Application Seed
    • Application Common Objects
      • About Commonality in a CDB
        • Principles of Commonality
        • Namespaces in a CDB
      • Creation of Application Common Objects
      • Metadata-Linked Application Common Objects
        • Metadata Links
      • Data-Linked Application Common Objects
      • Extended Data-Linked Application Objects
    • Container Maps
    • Cross-Container Operations
• Part II Oracle Data Structures
  • Tables and Table Clusters
    • Introduction to Schema Objects
      • About Common and Local User Accounts
        • Common User Accounts
          • Characteristics of Common Users
          • SYS and SYSTEM Accounts
        • Local User Accounts
      • Common and Local Objects
      • Schema Object Types
      • Schema Object Storage
      • Schema Object Dependencies
      • Sample Schemas
    • Overview of Tables
      • Columns
        • Virtual Columns
        • Invisible Columns
        • Lock-Free Reservation
      • Rows
      • Example: CREATE TABLE and ALTER TABLE Statements
      • Oracle Data Types
        • Character Data Types
          • VARCHAR2 and CHAR Data Types
          • NCHAR and NVARCHAR2 Data Types
        • Numeric Data Types
          • NUMBER Data Type
          • Floating-Point Numbers
        • Datetime Data Types
          • DATE Data Type
          • TIMESTAMP Data Type
        • Rowid Data Types
          • Use of Rowids
          • ROWID Pseudocolumn
        • Boolean Data Type
        • Format Models and Data Types
      • Integrity Constraints
      • Table Storage
        • Table Organization
        • Row Storage
        • Rowids of Row Pieces
        • Storage of Null Values
      • Table Compression
        • Basic Table Compression and Advanced Row Compression
        • Hybrid Columnar Compression
          • Types of Hybrid Columnar Compression
          • Compression Units
          • DML and Hybrid Columnar Compression
        • Memory Speed Hybrid Columnar Compression
    • Overview of Table Clusters
      • Overview of Indexed Clusters
      • Overview of Hash Clusters
        • Hash Cluster Creation
        • Hash Cluster Queries
        • Hash Cluster Variations
        • Hash Cluster Storage
    • Overview of Attribute-Clustered Tables
      • Advantages of Attribute-Clustered Tables
      • Join Attribute Clustered Tables
      • I/O Reduction Using Zones
        • Purpose of Zones
        • Zone Maps
        • Zone Map Creation
          • Manual Zone Maps
          • Automatic Zone Maps
        • How a Zone Map Works: Example
      • Attribute-Clustered Tables with Linear Ordering
      • Attribute-Clustered Tables with Interleaved Ordering
    • Overview of Temporary Tables
      • Purpose of Temporary Tables
      • Segment Allocation in Temporary Tables
      • Temporary Table Creation
    • Overview of External Tables
      • Purpose of External Tables
      • Data in Object Stores
      • External Table Access Drivers
      • External Table Creation
      • Automatic Caching of External Table Data
    • Overview of Blockchain Tables
      • Row Chains
      • Row Content
      • User Interface for Blockchain Tables
    • Overview of Immutable Tables
    • Overview of Object Tables
  • Indexes and Index-Organized Tables
    • Introduction to Indexes
      • Advantages and Disadvantages of Indexes
      • Index Usability and Visibility
      • Keys and Columns
      • Composite Indexes
      • Unique and Nonunique Indexes
      • Types of Indexes
      • How the Database Maintains Indexes
      • Index Storage
    • Overview of B-Tree Indexes
      • Branch Blocks and Leaf Blocks
      • Index Scans
        • Full Index Scan
        • Fast Full Index Scan
        • Index Range Scan
        • Index Unique Scan
        • Index Skip Scan
        • Index Clustering Factor
      • Reverse Key Indexes
      • Ascending and Descending Indexes
      • Index Compression
        • Prefix Compression
        • Advanced Index Compression
    • Overview of Bitmap Indexes
      • Example: Bitmap Indexes on a Single Table
      • Bitmap Join Indexes
      • Bitmap Storage Structure
    • Overview of Function-Based Indexes
      • Uses of Function-Based Indexes
      • Optimization with Function-Based Indexes
    • Overview of Application Domain Indexes
    • Overview of Scalar Quantized HNSW Indexes
    • Overview of Index-Organized Tables
      • Index-Organized Table Characteristics
      • Index-Organized Tables with Row Overflow Area
      • Secondary Indexes on Index-Organized Tables
        • Logical Rowids and Physical Guesses
        • Bitmap Indexes on Index-Organized Tables
  • Partitions, Views, and Other Schema Objects
    • Overview of Partitions
      • Partition Characteristics
        • Partition Key
        • Partitioning Strategies
          • Range Partitioning
          • Interval Partitioning
          • List Partitioning
          • Hash Partitioning
          • Reference Partitioning
          • Composite Partitioning
      • Partitioned Tables
        • Segments for Partitioned Tables
        • Compression for Partitioned Tables
      • Partitioned Indexes
        • Local Partitioned Indexes
          • Local Prefixed and Nonprefixed Indexes
          • Local Partitioned Index Storage
        • Global Partitioned Indexes
      • Partial Indexes for Partitioned Tables
      • Using Object Store for Older Partitions
        • Moving Older Partitions and Read-Only Tablespaces to Object Store
        • Accessing Objects in Object Storage
        • Credential Management For Object Store Files
        • Moving Datafiles Back From Object Storage Into Traditional Storage
        • Deleting Object Store Data Files
    • Overview of Sharded Tables
      • Sharded Tables
    • Overview of Views
      • Characteristics of Views
        • Data Manipulation in Views
        • How Data Is Accessed in Views
      • Updatable Join Views
      • Object Views
    • Overview of Materialized Views
      • Characteristics of Materialized Views
      • Refresh Methods for Materialized Views
        • Complete Refresh
        • Incremental Refresh
        • In-Place and Out-of-Place Refresh
      • Automatic Materialized Views
      • Query Rewrite
    • Overview of Sequences
      • Sequence Characteristics
      • Concurrent Access to Sequences
    • Overview of Dimensions
      • Hierarchical Structure of a Dimension
      • Creation of Dimensions
    • Overview of Synonyms
  • Data Integrity
    • Introduction to Data Integrity
      • Techniques for Guaranteeing Data Integrity
      • Advantages of Integrity Constraints
    • Types of Integrity Constraints
      • NOT NULL Integrity Constraints
      • Unique Constraints
      • Primary Key Constraints
      • Foreign Key Constraints
        • Self-Referential Integrity Constraints
        • Nulls and Foreign Keys
        • Parent Key Modifications and Foreign Keys
        • Indexes and Foreign Keys
      • Check Constraints
      • Precheckable CHECK Constraints
      • Assertions
    • States of Integrity Constraints and Assertions
      • Checks for Modified and Existing Data
      • When the Database Checks Constraints and Assertions for Validity
        • Nondeferrable Constraints and Assertions
        • Deferrable Constraints and Assertions
      • Examples of Constraint and Assertion Checking
        • Example: Insertion of a Value in a Foreign Key Column When No Parent Key Value Exists
        • Example: Update of All Foreign Key and Parent Key Values
        • Example: Every Manager Must Have a Clerk in the Same Department
  • Application Data Usage
    • Data Use Case Domains
    • Schema Annotations
  • Data Dictionary and Dynamic Performance Views
    • Overview of the Data Dictionary
      • Purpose of the Data Dictionary
        • Data Management
        • Data Dictionary Separation in a CDB
      • Data Dictionary Components
        • Container Data Objects in a CDB
        • Views with the Prefix DBA_
        • Views with the Prefix ALL_
        • Views with the Prefix USER_
        • The DUAL Table
      • How the Data Dictionary Works
        • Metadata and Data Links
        • Public Synonyms for Data Dictionary Views
        • Data Dictionary Cache
        • Other Programs and the Data Dictionary
      • Data Dictionary Storage
    • Overview of the Dynamic Performance Views
      • Contents of the Dynamic Performance Views
      • Storage of the Dynamic Performance Views
    • Database Object Metadata
• Part III Oracle Data Access
  • SQL
    • Introduction to SQL
      • SQL Data Access
      • SQL Standards
    • Overview of SQL Statements
      • Data Definition Language (DDL) Statements
      • Data Manipulation Language (DML) Statements
        • SELECT Statements
        • Joins
        • Subqueries
      • Transaction Control Statements
      • Session Control Statements
      • System Control Statement
      • Embedded SQL Statements
    • Overview of the Optimizer
      • Use of the Optimizer
      • Optimizer Components
        • Query Transformer
        • Estimator
        • Plan Generator
      • Access Paths
      • Optimizer Statistics
      • Optimizer Hints
    • Overview of SQL Processing
      • Stages of SQL Processing
        • SQL Parsing
        • SQL Optimization
        • SQL Row Source Generation
        • SQL Execution
      • Differences Between DML and DDL Processing
  • Server-Side Programming: PL/SQL, Java, and JavaScript
    • Introduction to Server-Side Programming
    • Overview of PL/SQL
      • PL/SQL Subprograms
        • Advantages of PL/SQL Subprograms
        • Creation of PL/SQL Subprograms
        • Execution of PL/SQL Subprograms
      • PL/SQL Packages
        • Advantages of PL/SQL Packages
        • Creation of PL/SQL Packages
        • Execution of PL/SQL Package Subprograms
      • PL/SQL Anonymous Blocks
      • PL/SQL Language Constructs
      • PL/SQL Collections and Records
        • Collections
        • Records
      • How PL/SQL Runs
    • Overview of Java in Oracle AI Database
      • Overview of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
        • Overview of Oracle JVM
        • Main Components of Oracle JVM
      • Java Programming Environment
        • Java Stored Procedures
        • Java and PL/SQL Integration
          • JDBC Drivers
    • Overview of JavaScript in Oracle AI Database
      • Storing Business Logic as Modules in the Database
      • Dynamic Execution of JavaScript Code
      • Inline JavaScript Stored Procedures
    • Overview of Triggers
      • Advantages of Triggers
      • Types of Triggers
      • Timing for Triggers
      • Creation of Triggers
        • Example: CREATE TRIGGER Statement
        • Example: Invoking a Row-Level Trigger
      • Execution of Triggers
      • Storage of Triggers
• Part IV Oracle Transaction Management
  • Data Concurrency and Consistency
    • Introduction to Data Concurrency and Consistency
      • Multiversion Read Consistency
        • Statement-Level Read Consistency
        • Transaction-Level Read Consistency
        • Read Consistency and Undo Segments
          • Read Consistency: Example
          • Read Consistency and Interested Transaction Lists
        • Read Consistency and Deferred Inserts
      • Locking Mechanisms
      • ANSI/ISO Transaction Isolation Levels
    • Overview of Oracle AI Database Transaction Isolation Levels
      • Read Committed Isolation Level
        • Read Consistency in the Read Committed Isolation Level
        • Conflicting Writes in Read Committed Transactions
      • Serializable Isolation Level
      • Read-Only Isolation Level
    • Overview of the Oracle AI Database Locking Mechanism
      • Summary of Locking Behavior
      • Use of Locks
      • Lock Modes
      • Lock Conversion and Escalation
      • Lock Duration
      • Locks and Deadlocks
    • Overview of Automatic Locks
      • DML Locks
        • Row Locks (TX)
          • Row Locks and Concurrency
          • Storage of Row Locks
        • Table Locks (TM)
        • Locks and Foreign Keys
          • Locks and Unindexed Foreign Keys
          • Locks and Indexed Foreign Keys
      • DDL Locks
        • Exclusive DDL Locks
        • Share DDL Locks
        • Breakable Parse Locks
      • System Locks
        • Latches
        • Mutexes
        • Internal Locks
    • Overview of Manual Data Locks
    • Overview of User-Defined Locks
  • Transactions
    • Introduction to Transactions
      • Sample Transaction: Account Debit and Credit
      • Structure of a Transaction
        • Beginning of a Transaction
        • End of a Transaction
      • Statement-Level Atomicity
      • System Change Numbers (SCNs)
    • Overview of Transaction Control
      • Transaction Names
      • Active Transactions
      • Savepoints
        • Rollback to Savepoint
        • Enqueued Transactions
      • Rollback of Transactions
      • Commits of Transactions
    • Overview of Quarantined Transactions
    • Overview of Transaction Guard
      • Benefits of Transaction Guard
      • How Transaction Guard Works
        • Lost Commit Messages
        • Logical Transaction ID
      • Transaction Guard: Example
    • Overview of Application Continuity
      • Benefits of Application Continuity
        • Use Case for Application Continuity
        • Application Continuity for Planned Maintenance
      • Application Continuity Architecture
    • Overview of Autonomous Transactions
    • Overview of Distributed Transactions
      • Two-Phase Commit
      • In-Doubt Transactions
• Part V Oracle AI Database Storage Structures
  • Physical Storage Structures
    • Introduction to Physical Storage Structures
      • Mechanisms for Storing Database Files
      • Oracle Managed Files and User-Managed Files
      • Oracle Automatic Storage Management (Oracle ASM)
        • Oracle ASM Storage Components
        • Oracle ASM Instances
      • Oracle Persistent Memory Filestore (PMEM Filestore)
        • Directly Mapped Buffer Cache
        • File System Interface for PMEM Filestore
        • User Interface for PMEM Filestore
    • Overview of Data Files
      • Use of Data Files
      • Permanent and Temporary Data Files
      • Online and Offline Data Files
      • Data File Structure
    • Overview of Control Files
      • Use of Control Files
      • Multiple Control Files
      • Control File Structure
    • Overview of the Online Redo Log
      • Use of the Online Redo Log
      • How Oracle AI Database Writes to the Online Redo Log
        • Online Redo Log Switches
        • Multiple Copies of Online Redo Log Files
        • Archived Redo Log Files
      • Structure of the Online Redo Log
  • Logical Storage Structures
    • Introduction to Logical Storage Structures
      • Logical Storage Hierarchy
      • Logical Space Management
        • Locally Managed Tablespaces
          • Automatic Segment Space Management
          • Manual Segment Space Management
        • Dictionary-Managed Tablespaces
    • Overview of Data Blocks
      • Data Blocks and Operating System Blocks
        • Database Block Size
        • Tablespace Block Size
      • Data Block Format
        • Data Block Overhead
        • Row Format
          • Row Header
          • Column Data
          • Rowid Format
      • Data Block Compression
      • Space Management in Data Blocks
        • Percentage of Free Space in Data Blocks
        • Optimization of Free Space in Data Blocks
          • Optimization by Increasing Free Space
          • Optimization by Coalescing Fragmented Space
        • Chained and Migrated Rows
      • Overview of Index Blocks
        • Types of Index Blocks
        • Storage of Index Entries
        • Reuse of Slots in an Index Block
        • Coalescing an Index Block
    • Overview of Extents
      • Allocation of Extents
      • Deallocation of Extents
      • Storage Parameters for Extents
    • Overview of Segments
      • User Segments
        • User Segment Creation
      • Temporary Segments
        • Allocation of Temporary Segments for Queries
        • Allocation of Segments for Temporary Tables and Indexes
      • Undo Segments
        • Undo Segments and Transactions
        • Transaction Rollback
        • Temporary Undo Segments
      • Segment Space and the High Water Mark
    • Overview of Tablespaces
      • Tablespaces in a Multitenant Environment
      • Permanent Tablespaces
        • The SYSTEM Tablespace
        • The SYSAUX Tablespace
        • Undo Tablespaces
          • Automatic Undo Management Mode
          • Automatic Undo Retention
        • Shadow Tablespaces
          • Purpose of Shadow Tablespaces
          • How Shadow Tablespaces Work
          • User Interface for Shadow Tablespaces
          • Example: Configuring Lost Write Protection
      • Temporary Tablespaces
        • Shared and Local Temporary Tablespaces
        • Default Temporary Tablespaces
          • Creation of Default Temporary Tablespaces
          • Access to Temporary Storage
      • Tablespace Modes
        • Read/Write and Read-Only Tablespaces
        • Online and Offline Tablespaces
      • Tablespace File Size
• Part VI Oracle Instance Architecture
  • Oracle AI Database Instance
    • Introduction to the Oracle AI Database Instance
      • Database Instance Structure
      • Database Instance Configurations
      • Read/Write and Read-Only Instances
      • Duration of a Database Instance
      • Identification of a Database Instance
        • Oracle Base Directory
        • Oracle Home Directory
        • Oracle System Identifier (SID)
    • Overview of Database Instance Startup and Shutdown
      • Overview of Instance and Database Startup
        • Connection with Administrator Privileges
        • How an Instance Is Started
        • How a Database Is Mounted
        • How a Database Is Opened
          • Read-Only Mode
          • Database File Checks
      • Overview of Database and Instance Shutdown
        • Shutdown Modes
        • How a Database Is Closed
          • How a Database Is Closed During Normal Shutdown
          • How a Database Is Closed During Abnormal Shutdown
        • How a Database Is Unmounted
        • How an Instance Is Shut Down
    • Overview of Checkpoints
      • Purpose of Checkpoints
      • When Oracle AI Database Initiates Checkpoints
    • Overview of Instance Recovery
      • Purpose of Instance Recovery
      • When Oracle AI Database Performs Instance Recovery
      • Importance of Checkpoints for Instance Recovery
      • Instance Recovery Phases
    • Overview of Parameter Files
      • Initialization Parameters
        • Functional Groups of Initialization Parameters
        • Basic and Advanced Initialization Parameters
      • Server Parameter Files
      • Text Initialization Parameter Files
      • Modification of Initialization Parameter Values
    • Overview of Diagnostic Files
      • Automatic Diagnostic Repository
        • Problems and Incidents
        • ADR Structure
      • Alert Log
      • Attention Log
      • DDL Log
      • Trace Files
        • Types of Trace Files
        • Locations of Trace Files
        • Segmentation of Trace Files
      • Diagnostic Dumps
        • Trace Dumps and Incidents
  • Memory Architecture
    • Introduction to Oracle AI Database Memory Structures
      • Basic Memory Structures
      • Oracle AI Database Memory Management
    • Overview of the System Global Area (SGA)
      • Database Buffer Cache
        • Purpose of the Database Buffer Cache
        • Buffer States
        • Buffer Modes
        • Buffer I/O
          • Buffer Replacement Algorithms
          • Buffer Writes
          • Buffer Reads
          • Buffer Touch Counts
        • Buffer Pools
        • Buffers and Full Table Scans
          • Default Mode for Full Table Scans
          • Parallel Query Execution
          • CACHE Attribute
          • KEEP Attribute
          • Force Full Database Caching Mode
        • DRAM and PMEM Buffers
      • Redo Log Buffer
      • Shared Pool
        • Library Cache
          • Shared SQL Areas
          • Program Units and the Library Cache
          • Allocation and Reuse of Memory in the Shared Pool
        • Data Dictionary Cache
        • Server Result Cache
          • SQL Query Result Cache
          • PL/SQL Function Result Cache
          • Server Result Cache Infrastructure
          • Server Result Cache User Interface
        • Reserved Pool
      • Large Pool
        • Large Pool Memory Management
        • Large Pool Buffers for Deferred Inserts
      • Java Pool
      • Fixed SGA
      • Optional Performance-Related SGA Subareas
        • In-Memory Area
        • Memoptimize Pool
    • Overview of the Program Global Area (PGA)
      • Contents of the PGA
        • Private SQL Area
        • SQL Work Areas
      • PGA Usage in Dedicated and Shared Server Modes
    • Overview of the User Global Area
    • Overview of the Managed Global Area (MGA)
    • Overview of Software Code Areas
  • Process Architecture
    • Introduction to Processes
      • Types of Processes
      • Multiprocess and Multithreaded Oracle AI Database Systems
    • Overview of Client Processes
      • Client and Server Processes
      • Connections and Sessions
      • Current Container
      • Database Operations
    • Overview of Server Processes
      • Dedicated Server Processes
      • Shared Server Processes
      • How Oracle AI Database Creates Server Processes
    • Overview of Background Processes
      • Mandatory Background Processes
        • Process Monitor Process (PMON) Group
          • Process Monitor Process (PMON)
          • Cleanup Main Process (CLMN)
          • Cleanup Helper Processes (CLnn)
          • Database Resource Quarantine
        • Process Manager (PMAN)
        • Listener Registration Process (LREG)
        • System Monitor Process (SMON)
        • Database Writer Process (DBW)
        • Log Writer Process (LGWR)
          • LGWR and Commits
          • LGWR and Inaccessible Files
        • Checkpoint Process (CKPT)
        • Manageability Monitor Processes (MMON and MMNL)
        • Recoverer Process (RECO)
        • Background Process (BGnn)
        • Virtual Operating System Daemon Process (VOSD)
        • Network Monitor Process (NMON)
      • Optional Background Processes
        • Archiver Processes (ARCn)
        • Job Queue Processes (CJQ0 and Jnnn)
        • Flashback Data Archive Process (FBDA)
        • Space Management Coordinator Process (SMCO)
      • Secondary Processes
        • I/O Secondary Processes
        • Parallel Execution (PX) Server Processes
          • Query Coordinator
          • Producers and Consumers
          • Granules
  • Application and Oracle Net Services Architecture
    • Overview of Oracle Application Architecture
      • Overview of Client/Server Architecture
        • Distributed Processing
        • Advantages of a Client/Server Architecture
      • Overview of Multitier Architecture
        • Clients
        • Application Servers
        • Database Servers
        • Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)
      • Overview of Grid Architecture
    • Overview of Oracle Net Services Architecture
      • How Oracle Net Services Works
      • The Oracle Net Listener
        • Service Names
        • Services in a Multitenant Environment
          • Service Creation
            • Default Services
            • Nondefault Services
          • Connections to Containers in a CDB
        • Service Registration
      • Dedicated Server Architecture
      • Shared Server Architecture
        • Dispatcher Request and Response Queues
          • Dispatcher Processes (Dnnn)
          • Shared Server Processes (Snnn)
        • Restricted Operations of the Shared Server
      • Database Resident Connection Pooling
    • Overview of the Program Interface
      • Program Interface Structure
      • Program Interface Drivers
      • Communications Software for the Operating System
    • Overview of Oracle True Cache
• Part VII Oracle AI Database Administration and Application Development
  • Topics for Database Administrators and Developers
    • Overview of Database Security
      • User Accounts
        • Privileges
        • Roles
        • Privilege Analysis
        • User Profiles
      • Database Authentication
      • Encryption
        • Network Encryption
        • Transparent Data Encryption
      • Oracle Data Redaction
      • Access Control
        • Oracle Database Vault
        • Virtual Private Database (VPD)
        • Oracle Label Security (OLS)
      • Data Access Monitoring
        • Database Auditing
          • Audit Policies
          • Audit Administrator Roles
        • Unified Audit Trail
        • Enterprise Manager Auditing Support
        • Oracle Audit Vault and Database Firewall
    • Overview of High Availability
      • High Availability and Unplanned Downtime
        • Site Failures
        • Computer Failures
        • Storage Failures
        • Data Corruption
        • Human Errors
      • High Availability and Planned Downtime
        • System and Database Changes
        • Data Changes
        • Application Changes
    • Overview of Grid Computing
      • Database Server Grid
        • Scalability
        • Fault Tolerance
        • Services
      • Oracle Flex Clusters
      • Database Storage Grid
    • Overview of Data Warehousing and Business Intelligence
      • Data Warehousing and OLTP
      • Data Warehouse Architecture
        • Data Warehouse Architecture (Basic)
        • Data Warehouse Architecture (with a Staging Area)
        • Data Warehouse Architecture (with a Staging Area and Data Marts)
      • Overview of Extraction, Transformation, and Loading (ETL)
      • Business Intelligence
        • Analytic SQL
        • Analytic Views
        • Oracle Advanced Analytics
          • Oracle Data Mining
          • Oracle Machine Learning for R
    • Overview of Oracle Information Integration
      • Federated Access
        • Distributed SQL
        • Database Links
      • Information Sharing
        • Oracle GoldenGate
        • Oracle AI Database Transactional Event Queues and Advanced Queuing (AQ)
          • Message Queuing and Dequeuing
          • Oracle AI Database Transactional Event Queues and Advanced Queuing Advanced Features
  • Artificial Intelligence in the Oracle AI Database
    • Overview of Oracle AI Vector Search
    • Vector Distance Metrics
    • Overview of Hierarchical Navigable Small World Indexes
    • Understand Inverted File Flat Vector Indexes
    • Performing Similarity Searches
      • Perform Exact Similarity Search
      • Understand Approximate Similarity Search Using Vector Indexes
      • Perform Multi-Vector Similarity Search
  • Concepts for Database Administrators
    • Duties of Database Administrators
    • Tools for Database Administrators
      • Oracle Enterprise Manager
        • Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control
        • Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Express 12c
      • SQL*Plus
      • Tools for Database Installation and Configuration
      • Tools for Oracle Net Configuration and Administration
      • Tools for Data Movement and Analysis
        • SQL*Loader
        • Oracle Data Pump Export and Import
        • Oracle LogMiner
        • ADR Command Interpreter (ADRCI)
    • Topics for Database Administrators
      • Backup and Recovery
        • Backup and Recovery Techniques
        • Recovery Manager Architecture
        • Database Backups
          • Whole and Partial Database Backups
          • Consistent and Inconsistent Backups
          • Backup Sets and Image Copies
        • Data Repair
          • Oracle Flashback Technology
          • Block Media Recovery
          • Data File Recovery
        • Zero Data Loss Recovery Appliance
          • Benefits of Recovery Appliance
          • Recovery Appliance Environment
      • Memory Management
        • Automatic Memory Management
        • Shared Memory Management of the SGA
        • Memory Management of the Instance PGA
        • Summary of Memory Management Methods
      • Resource Management and Task Scheduling
        • Database Resource Manager
        • CPU Management
        • Oracle Scheduler
      • Performance and Tuning
        • Database Self-Monitoring
        • Automatic Workload Repository (AWR)
        • Automatic Database Monitor (ADDM)
        • Active Session History (ASH)
        • Application and SQL Tuning
          • EXPLAIN PLAN Statement
          • Optimizer Statistics Advisor
          • SQL Tuning Advisor
          • SQL Access Advisor
          • SQL Plan Management
  • Concepts for Database Developers
    • Duties of Database Developers
    • Tools for Database Developers
      • SQL Developer
      • Oracle APEX AI Application Generator
      • Oracle JDeveloper
      • Oracle Developer Tools for Visual Studio .NET
    • Topics for Database Developers
      • Principles of Application Design and Tuning
      • Principles of Correct Queries
      • Client-Side Database Programming
        • Embedded SQL
          • Oracle Precompilers
        • Client-Side APIs
          • OCI and OCCI
          • ODBC and JDBC
      • Globalization Support
        • Globalization Support Environment
          • Character Sets
          • Locale-Specific Settings
        • Oracle Globalization Development Kit
      • Unstructured Data
        • Overview of XML in Oracle Database
        • Overview of JSON in Oracle Database
          • What Is JSON?
          • JSON and XML
          • Native Database Support for JSON
        • Overview of LOBs
          • Internal LOBs
          • External LOBs
          • SecureFiles
        • Overview of Oracle Text
        • Overview of Oracle Spatial and Graph
        • Overview of SQL Property Graphs
• Glossary