22.1.4 What is New in NDB Cluster

Compatibility enhancements. The following changes reduce longstanding nonessential differences in NDB behavior as compared to that of other MySQL storage engines:

Development in parallel with MySQL server. Beginning with this release, MySQL NDB Cluster is being developed in parallel with the standard MySQL 8.0 server under a new unified release model with the following features:
- NDB 8.0 is developed in, built from, and released with the MySQL 8.0 source code tree.
- The numbering scheme for NDB Cluster 8.0 releases follows the scheme for MySQL 8.0, starting with version 8.0.13.
- Building the source with NDB support appends -cluster to the version string returned by mysql -V, as shown here:
```
shell≫ mysql -V
mysql  Ver 8.0.22-cluster for Linux on x86_64 (Source distribution)
```
  NDB binaries continue to display both the MySQL Server version and the NDB engine version, like this:
```
shell> ndb_mgm -V
MySQL distrib mysql-8.0.22 ndb-8.0.22, for Linux (x86_64)
```
  In MySQL Cluster NDB 8.0, these two version numbers are always the same.
To build the MySQL 8.0.13 (or later) source with NDB Cluster support, use the CMake option -DWITH_NDBCLUSTER.
Platform support notes. NDB 8.0 makes the following changes in platform support:
- NDBCLUSTER no longer supports 32-bit platforms. Beginning with NDB 8.0.21, the NDB build process checks the system architecture and aborts if it is not a 64-bit platform.
- Beginning with NDB 8.0.18, it is possible to build NDB from source for 64-bit ARM CPUs. Currently, this support is source-only, and we do not provide any precompiled binaries for this platform.
Database and table names. As of NDB 8.0.18, the 63-byte limit on identifiers for databases and tables is removed. These identifiers can now use up to 64 bytes, as for such objects using other MySQL storage engines. See Section 22.1.7.11, “Previous NDB Cluster Issues Resolved in NDB Cluster 8.0”.
Generated names for foreign keys. NDB (version 8.0.18 and later) now uses the pattern tbl_name_fk_N for naming internally generated foreign keys. This is similar to the pattern used by InnoDB.

Schema and metadata distribution and synchronization. NDB 8.0 makes use of the MySQL data dictionary to distribute schema information to SQL nodes joining a cluster and to synchronize new schema changes between existing SQL nodes. The following list describes individual enhancements relating to this integration work:

Schema distribution enhancements. The NDB schema distribution coordinator, which handles schema operations and tracks their progress, has been extended in NDB 8.0.17 to ensure that resources used during a schema operation are released at its conclusion. Previously, some of this work was done by the schema distribution client; this has been changed due to the fact that the client did not always have all needed state information, which could lead to resource leaks when the client decided to abandon the schema operation prior to completion and without informing the coordinator.
To help fix this issue, schema operation timeout detection has been moved from the schema distribution client to the coordinator, providing the coordinator with an opportunity to clean up any resources used during the schema operation. The coordinator now checks ongoing schema operations for timeout at regular intervals, and marks participants that have not yet completed a given schema operation as failed when detecting timeout. It also provides suitable warnings whenever a schema operation timeout occurs. (It should be noted that, after such a timeout is detected, the schema operation itself continues.) Additional reporting is done by printing a list of active schema operations at regular intervals whenever one or more of these operations is ongoing.
As an additional part of this work, a new mysqld option --ndb-schema-dist-timeout makes it possible to set the length of time to wait until a schema operation is marked as having timed out.
Disk data file distribution. Beginning with NDB Cluster 8.0.14, NDB uses the MySQL data dictionary to make sure that disk data files and related constructs such as tablespaces and log file groups are correctly distributed between all connected SQL nodes.
Schema synchronization of tablespace objects. When a MySQL Server connects as an SQL node to an NDB cluster, it checks its data dictionary against the information found in the NDB dictionary.
Previously, the only NDB objects synchronized on connection of a new SQL node were databases and tables; MySQL NDB Cluster 8.0.14 and later also implement schema synchronization of disk data objects including tablespaces and log file groups. Among other benefits, this eliminates the possibility of a mismatch between the MySQL data dictionary and the NDB dictionary following a native backup and restore, in which tablespaces and log file groups were restored to the NDB dictionary, but not to the MySQL Server's data dictionary.
It is also no longer possible to issue a CREATE TABLE statement that refers to a nonexistent tablespace. Such a statement now fails with an error.
Database DDL synchronization enhancements. Work done in NDB 8.0.17 insures that synchronization of databases by newly joined (or rejoined) SQL nodes with those on existing SQL nodes now makes proper use of the data dictionary so that any database-level operations (CREATE DATABASE, ALTER DATABASE, or DROP DATABASE) that may have been misssed by this SQL node are now correctly duplicated on it when it connects (or reconnects) to the cluster.
As part of the schema synchronization procedure performed when starting, an SQL node now compares all databases on the cluster's data nodes with those in its own data dictionary, and if any of these is found to be missing from the SQL node's data dictionary, the SQL Node installs it locally by executing a CREATE DATABASE statement. A database thus created uses the default MySQL Server database properties (such as those as determined by character_set_database and collation_database) that are in effect on this SQL node at the time the statement is executed.
NDB metadata change detection and synchronization. NDB 8.0.16 implements a new mechanism for detection of updates to metadata for data objects such as tables, tablespaces, and log file groups with the MySQL data dictionary. This is done using a thread, the NDB metadata change monitor thread, which runs in the background and checks periodically for inconsistencies between the NDB dictionary and the MySQL data dictionary.
The monitor performs metadata checks every 60 seconds by default. The polling interval can be adjusted by setting the value of the ndb_metadata_check_interval system variable; polling can be disabled altogether by setting the ndb_metadata_check system variable to OFF. A status variable (also added in NDB 8.0.16) Ndb_metadata_detected_count shows the number of times since mysqld was last started that inconsistencies have been detected.
Beginning in version 8.0.18, NDB ensures that NDB table, log file group, and tablespace objects submitted by the metadata change monitor thread during operations following startup are automatically checked for mismatches and synchronized by the NDB binlog thread.
NDB 8.0.18 also adds two status variables relating to automatic synchronization: Ndb_metadata_synced_count shows the number of objects synchronized automatically; Ndb_metadata_excluded_count indicates the number of objects for which synchronization has failed (prior to NDB 8.0.22, this variable was named Ndb_metadata_blacklist_size). In addition, you can see which objects have been synchronized by inspecting the cluster log.
NDB 8.0.19 further enhances this functionality by adding databases to those objects in which changes are detected and synchronized. Only databases actually used by NDB tables are so handled; other databases which may be present in the MySQL data dictionary are ignored. This eliminates a previous requirement, for the case when a table existed in NDB but the table and the database towhich it belonged did not exist on the SQL node, to create this database manually; now in such cases, the database and all NDB tables belonging to it should be created on the SQL node automatically.
NDB 8.0.19 also introduces the ndb_metadata_sync system variable; setting this variable to true overrides any settings that have been made for ndb_metadata_check_interval and ndb_metadata_check, causing the change monitor thread to begin coninuous metadata change detection.
In NDB 8.0.22 and later, setting ndb_metadata_sync to true clears the list of objects for which synchronization has failed previously, which means it is no longer necessary to discover individual tables or to re-trigger synchronization by reconnecting the SQL node to the cluster. In addition, setting this variable to false clears the list of objects waiting to be retried.
Beginning with NDB 8.0.21, more detailed information about the current state of automatic synchronization than can be obtained from log messages or status variables is provided by two new tables added to the MySQL Performance Schema. The tables are listed here:
- ndb_sync_pending_objects: Contains information about database objects for which mismatches have been detected between the NDB dictionary and the MySQL data dictionary (and which have not been excluded from automatic synchronization).
- ndb_sync_excluded_objects: Contains information about NDB database objects which have been excluded because they cannot be synchronized between the NDB dictionary and the MySQL data dictionary, and thus require manual intervention.
A row in one of these tables provides the database object's parent schema, name, and type. Types of objects include schemas, tablespaces, log file groups, and tables. (If the object is a log file group or tablespace, the parent schema is NULL.) In addition, the ndb_sync_excluded_objects table shows the reason for which the object has been excluded.
These tables are present only if NDBCLUSTER storage engine support is enabled. For more information about these tables, see Section 26.12.12, “Performance Schema NDB Cluster Tables”.
Changes in NDB table extra metadata. In NDB 8.0.14 and later, the extra metadata property of an NDB table is used for storing serialized metadata from the MySQL data dictionary, rather than storing the binary representation of the table as in previous versions. (This was a .frm file, no longer used by the MySQL Server—see Chapter 14, MySQL Data Dictionary.) As part of the work to support this change, the available size of the table's extra metadata has been increased. This means that NDB tables created in NDB Cluster 8.0.14 and later are not compatible with previous NDB Cluster releases. Tables created in previous releases can be used with NDB 8.0.14 and later, but cannot be opened afterwards by an earlier version.
This metadata is accessible using the NDB API methods getExtraMetadata() and setExtraMetadata() that were implemented in NDB 8.0.13.
For more information, see Section 22.2.7, “Upgrading and Downgrading NDB Cluster”.
On-the-fly upgrades of tables using .frm files. A table created in NDB 7.6 and earlier contains metadata in the form of a compressed .frm file, which is no longer supported in MySQL 8.0. To facilitate online upgrades to NDB 8.0, NDB performs on-the-fly translation of this metadata and writes it into the MySQL Server's data dictionary, which enables the mysqld in NDB Cluster 8.0 to work with the table without preventing subsequent use of the table by a previous version of the NDB software.
Important
Once a table's structure has been modified in NDB 8.0, its metadata is stored using the data dictionary, and it can no longer be accessed by NDB 7.6 and earlier.
This enhancement also makes it possible to restore an NDB backup made using an earlier version to a cluster running NDB 8.0 (or later).

Synchronization of user privileges with NDB_STORED_USER. A new mechanism for sharing and synchronizing users, roles, and privileges between SQL nodes is available beginning with NDB 8.0.18, using the NDB_STORED_USER privilege. Distributed privileges as implemented in NDB 7.6 and earlier (see Distributed Privileges Using Shared Grant Tables) are no longer supported.

Once a user account is created on an SQL node, the user and its privileges can be stored in NDB and thus shared between all SQL nodes in the cluster by issuing a GRANT statement such as this one:

GRANT NDB_STORED_USER ON *.* TO 'jon'@'localhost';

NDB_STORED_USER always has global scope and must be granted using ON *.*. System reserved accounts such as mysql.session@localhost or mysql.infoschema@localhost cannot be assigned this privilege.

Roles can also be shared between SQL nodes by issuing the appropriate GRANT NDB_STORED_USER statement. Assigning such a role to a user does not cause the user to be shared; the NDB_STORED_USER privilege must be granted to each user explicitly.

A user or role having NDB_STORED_USER, along with its privileges, is shared with all SQL nodes as soon as they join a given NDB Cluster. Changes to the privileges of the user or role are synchronized immediately with all connected SQL nodes. It is possible to make such changes from any connected SQL node, but recommended practice is to do so from a designated SQL node only, since the order of execution of statements affecting privileges from different SQL nodes cannot be guaranteed to be the same on all SQL nodes.

Implications for upgrades. Due to changes in the MySQL server's privilege system (see Section 6.2.3, “Grant Tables”), privilege tables using the NDB storage engine do not function correctly in NDB 8.0. It is safe but not necessary to retain such privilege tables created in NDB 7.6 or earlier, but they are no longer used for access control. Beginning with NDB 8.0.16, a mysqld acting as an SQL node and detecting such tables in NDB writes a warning to the MySQL server log, and creates InnoDB shadow tables local to itself; such shadow tables are created on each MySQL server connected to the cluster. When performing an upgrade from NDB 7.6 or earlier, the privilege tables using NDB can be removed safely using ndb_drop_table once all MySQL servers acting as SQL nodes have been upgraded (see Section 22.2.7, “Upgrading and Downgrading NDB Cluster”).

The ndb_restore utility's --restore-privilege-tables option is deprecated but continues to be honored in NDB 8.0, and can still be used to restore distributed privilege tables present in a backup taken from a previous release of NDB Cluster to a cluster running NDB 8.0. These tables are handled as described in the preceeding paragraph.

Shared users and grants are stored in the ndb_sql_metadata table, which in NDB 8.0.19 and later ndb_restore by default does not restore; you can specify the --include-stored-grants option to cause it to do so.

INFORMATION_SCHEMA changes. The following changes are made in the display of information regarding Disk Data files in the INFORMATION_SCHEMA.FILES table:

Tablespaces and log file groups are no longer represented in the FILES table. (These constructs are not actually files.)
Each data file is now represented by a single row in the FILES table. Each undo log file is also now represented in this table by one row only. (Previously, a row was displayed for each copy of each of these files on each data node.)

In addition, INFORMATION_SCHEMA tables are now populated with tablespace statistics for MySQL Cluster tables. (Bug #27167728)

Error information with ndb_perror. The deprecated --ndb option for perror has been removed. Instead, use ndb_perror to obtain error message information from NDB error codes. (Bug #81704, Bug #81705, Bug #23523926, Bug #23523957)

Condition pushdown enhancements. Previously, condition pushdown was limited to predicate terms referring to column values from the same table to which the condition was being pushed. In NDB 8.0.16, this restriction is removed such that column values from tables earlier in the query plan can also be referred to from pushed conditions. As of NDB 8.0.18, joins comparing column expressions are supported, as are comparisons between columns in the same table. Columns and column expressions to be compared must be of exactly the same type; this means they must also be of the same signedness, length, character set, precision, and scale, whenever these attributes apply.

Pushing down larger parts of a condition allows more rows to be filtered out by the data nodes, thereby reducing the number of rows which mysqld must handle during join processing. Another benefit of these enhancements is that filtering can be performed in parallel in the LDM threads, rather than in a single mysqld process on an SQL node; this has the potential to improve query performance significantly.

Existing rules for type compatibility between column values being compared continue to apply (see Section 8.2.1.5, “Engine Condition Pushdown Optimization”).

These additional improvements are made in NDB 8.0.21:

Antijoins produced by the MySQL Optimizer through the transformation of NOT EXISTS and NOT IN queries (see Section 8.2.2.1, “Optimizing IN and EXISTS Subquery Predicates with Semijoin Transformations”) can be pushed down to the data nodes by NDB.
This can be done when there is no unpushed condition on the table, and the query fulfills any other conditions which must be met for an outer join to be pushed down.
NDB attempts to identify and evaluate a non-dependent scalar subquery before trying to retrieve any rows from the table to which it is attached. When it can do so, the value obtained is used as part of a pushed condition, instead of using the subquery which provided the value.

Increase in maximum row size. NDB 8.0.18 increases the maximum number of bytes that can be stored in an NDBCLUSTER table from 14000 to 30000 bytes.

A BLOB or TEXT column continues to use 264 bytes of this total, as before.

The maximum offset for a fixed-width column of an NDB table is 8188 bytes; this is also unchanged from releases previous to 8.0.18.

See Section 22.1.7.5, “Limits Associated with Database Objects in NDB Cluster”, for more information.

ndb_mgm SHOW command and single user mode. Beginning with NDB 8.0.17, when the cluster in single user mode, the output of the management client SHOW command indicates which API or SQL node has exclusive access while this mode is in effect.

Online column renames. Beginning with NDB 8.0.18, columns of NDB tables can be renamed online, using ALGORITHM=INPLACE. See Section 22.5.11, “Online Operations with ALTER TABLE in NDB Cluster”, for more information.

Improved ndb_mgmd startup times. Start times for management nodes daemon have been significantly improved in NDB 8.0.18 and later, in the following ways:

Due to replacing the list data structure formerly used by ndb_mgmd for handling node properties from configuration data with a hash table, overall startup times for the management server have been decreased by a factor of 6 or more.
In addition, in cases where data and SQL node host names not present in the management server's hosts file are used in the cluster configuration file, ndb_mgmd start times can be up to 20 times shorter than was previously the case.

NDB API enhancements. Beginning with NDB 8.0.18, NdbScanFilter::cmp() and several comparison methods of NdbInterpretedCode can be used to compare table column values with each other. The affected NdbInterpretedCode methods are listed here:

For all of the methods just listed, table column values to be compared much be of exactly matching types, including with respect to length, precision, signedness, scale, character set, and collation, as applicable.

See the descriptions of the individual API methods for more information.

Offline multithreaded index builds. It is now possible to specify a set of cores to be used for I/O threads performing offline multithreaded builds of ordered indexes, as opposed to normal I/O duties such as file I/O， compression， or decompression. “Offline” in this context refers to building of ordered indexes performed when the parent table is not being written to; such building takes place when an NDB cluster performs a node or system restart, or as part of restoring a cluster from backup using ndb_restore --rebuild-indexes.

In addition, the default behaviour for offline index build work is modified to use all cores available to ndbmtd, rather limiting itself to the core reserved for the I/O thread. Doing so can improve restart and restore times and performance, availability, and the user experience.

This enhancement is implemented as follows:

The default value for BuildIndexThreads is changed from 0 to 128. This means that offline ordered index builds are now multithreaded by default.
The default value for TwoPassInitialNodeRestartCopy is changed from false to true. This means that an initial node restart first copies all data from a “live” node to one that is starting—without creating any indexes—builds ordered indexes offline, and then again synchronizes its data with the live node, that is, synchronizing twice and building indexes offline between the two synchonizations. This causes an initial node restart to behave more like the normal restart of a node, and reduces the time required for building indexes.
A new thread type (idxbld) is defined for the ThreadConfig configuration parameter, to allow locking of offline index build threads to specific CPUs.

In addition, NDB now distinguishes the thread types that are accessible to ThreadConfig by these two criteria:

Whether the thread is an execution thread. Threads of types main, ldm, recv, rep, tc, and send are execution threads; thread types io, watchdog, and idxbld are not.
Whether the allocation of the thread to a given task is permanent or temporary. Currently all thread types except idxbld are permanent.

For additonal information, see the descriptions of the indicated parameters in the Manual. (Bug #25835748, Bug #26928111)

logbuffers table backup process information. When performing an NDB backup, the ndbinfo.logbuffers table now displays information regarding buffer usage by the backup process on each data node. This is implemented as rows reflecting two new log types in addition to REDO and DD-UNDO. One of these rows has the log type BACKUP-DATA, which shows the amount of data buffer used during backup to copy fragments to backup files. The other row has the log type BACKUP-LOG, which displays the amount of log buffer used during the backup to record changes made after the backup has started. One each of these log_type rows is shown in the logbuffers table for each data node in the cluster. Rows having these two log types are present in the table only while an NDB backup is currently in progress. (Bug #25822988)

ndbinfo.processes table on Windows. The process ID of the monitor process used on Windows platforms by RESTART to spawn and restart a mysqld is now shown in the processes table as an angel_pid.

String hashing improvements. Prior to NDB 8.0, all string hashing was based on first transforming the string into a normalized form, then MD5-hashing the resulting binary image. This could give rise to some performance problems, for the following reasons:

The normalized string is always space padded to its full length. For a VARCHAR, this often involved adding more spaces than there were characters in the original string.
The string libraries were not optimized for this space padding, which added considerable overhead in some use cases.
The padding semantics varied between character sets, some of which were not padded to their full length.
The transformed string could become quite large, even without space padding; some Unicode 9.0 collations can transform a single code point into 100 bytes or more of character data.
Subsequent MD5 hashing consisted mainly of padding with spaces, and was not particularly efficient, possibly causing additional performance penalties by flushing significant portions of the L1 cache.

A collation provides its own hash function, which hashes the string directly without first creating a normalized string. In addition, for a Unicode 9.0 collation, the hash is computed without padding. NDB now takes advantage of this built-in function whenever hashing a string identified as using a Unicode 9.0 collation.

Since, for other collations, there are existing databases which are hash partitioned on the transformed string, NDB continues to employ the previous method for hashing strings that use these, to maintain compatibility. (Bug #89590, Bug #89604, Bug #89609, Bug #27515000, Bug #27523758, Bug #27522732)

RESET MASTER changes. Because the MySQL Server now executes RESET MASTER with a global read lock, the behavior of this statement when used with NDB Cluster has changed in the following two respects:

It is no longer guaranteed to be synonchrous; that is, it is now possible that a read coming immediately before RESET MASTER is issued may not be logged until after the binary log has been rotated.
It now behaves in exactly the same fashion, whether the statement is issued on the same SQL node that is writing the binary log, or on a different SQL node in the same cluster.

Note

SHOW BINLOG EVENTS, FLUSH LOGS, and most data definition statements continue, as they did in previous NDB versions, to operate in a synchronous fashion.

ndb_restore option usage. Beginning with NDB 8.0.16, the --nodeid and --backupid options are both required when invoking ndb_restore.

ndb_log_bin default. Beginning with NDB 8.0.16, the default value of the ndb_log_bin system variable has changed from TRUE to FALSE.

Dynamic transactional resource allocation. Allocation of resources in the transaction corrdinator (see The DBTC Block) is now performed using dynamic memory pools. This means that resource allocation determined by data node configuration parameters such as MaxDMLOperationsPerTransaction, MaxNoOfConcurrentIndexOperations, MaxNoOfConcurrentOperations, MaxNoOfConcurrentScans, MaxNoOfConcurrentTransactions, MaxNoOfFiredTriggers, MaxNoOfLocalScans, and TransactionBufferMemory is now done in such a way that, if the load represented by each of these parameters is within the target load for all such resources, others of these resources can be limited so as not to exceed the total resources available.

As part of this work, several new data node parameters controlling transactional resources in DBTC, listed here, have been added:

See the descriptions of the parameters just listed for further information.

Backups using multiple LDMs per data node. NDB backups can now be performed in a parallel fashion on individual data nodes using multiple local data managers (LDMs). (Previously, backups were done in parallel across data nodes, but were always serial within data node processes.) No special syntax is required for the START BACKUP command in the ndb_mgm client to enable this feature, but all data nodes must be using multiple LDMs. This means that data nodes must be running ndbmtd (ndbd is single-threaded and thus always has only one LDM) and they must be configured to use multiple LDMs before taking the backup; you can do this by choosing an appropriate setting for one of the multi-threaded data node configuration parameters MaxNoOfExecutionThreads or ThreadConfig.

Backups using multiple LDMs create subdirectories, one per LDM, under the BACKUP/BACKUP-backup_id/ directory. ndb_restore now detects these subdirectories automatically, and if they exist, attempts to restore the backup in parallel; see Section 22.4.23.2, “Restoring from a backup taken in parallel”, for details. (Single-threaded backups are restored as in previous versions of NDB.) It is also possible to restore backups taken in parallel using an ndb_restore binary from a previous version of NDB Cluster by modifying the usual restore procedure; Section 22.4.23.2.2, “Restoring a parallel backup serially”, provides information on how to do this.

Binary configuration file enhancements. Beginning with NDB 8.0.18, a new format is used for the management server's binary configuration file. Previously, a maximum of 16381 sections could appear in the cluster configuration file; now the maximum number of sections is 4G. This is intended to support larger numbers of nodes in a cluster than was possible before this change.

Upgrades to the new format are relatively seamless, and should seldom if ever require manual intervention, as the management server continues to be able to read the old format without issue. A downgrade from NDB 8.0.18 (or later) to an older version of the NDB Cluster software requires manual removal of any binary configuration files or, alternatively, starting the older management server binary with the --initial option.

For more information, see Section 22.2.7, “Upgrading and Downgrading NDB Cluster”.

Increased number of data nodes. NDB 8.0.18 increases the maximum number of data nodes supported per cluster to 144 (previously, this was 48). Data nodes can now use node IDs in the range 1 to 144, inclusive.

Previously, the recommended node IDs for management nodes were 49 and 50. These are still supported for management nodes, but using them as such limits the maximum number of data nodes to 142; for this reason, it is now recommended that node IDs 145 and 146 are used for management nodes.

As part of this work, the format used for the data node sysfile has been updated to version 2. This file records information such as the last global checkpoint index, restart status, and node group membership of each node (see NDB Cluster Data Node File System Directory).

RedoOverCommitCounter and RedoOverCommitLimit changes. Due to ambiguities in the semantics for setting them to 0, the minimum value for each of the data node configuration parameters RedoOverCommitCounter and RedoOverCommitLimit has been increased to 1, beginning with NDB 8.0.19.

ndb_autoincrement_prefetch_sz changes. In NDB 8.0.19, the default value of the ndb_autoincrement_prefetch_sz server system variable is increased to 512.

Changes in parameter maxmimums and defaults. NDB 8.0.19 makes the following changes in configuration parameter maximum and default values:

The maximum for DataMemory is increased to 16 terabytes.
The maximum for DiskPageBufferMemory is also increased to 16 terabytes.
The default value for StringMemory is increased to 25%.
The default for LcpScanProgressTimeout is increased to 180 seconds.

Disk Data checkpointing improvements. NDB Cluster 8.0.19 provides a number of new enhancements which help to reduce the latency of checkpoints of Disk Data tables and tablespaces when using non-volatile memory devices such as solid-state drives and the NVMe specification for such devices. These improvements include those in the following list:

Avoiding bursts of checkpoint disk writes
Speeding up checkpoints for disk data tablespaces when the redo log or the undo log becomes full
Balancing checkpoints to disk and in-memory checkpoints against one other, when necessary
Protecting disk devices from overload to help ensure low latency under high loads

As part of this work, NDB 8.0.19 introduces two new data node configuration parameters. MaxDiskDataLatency places a ceiling on the degree of latency permitted for disk access and causes transactions taking longer than this length of time to be aborted. DiskDataUsingSameDisk makes it possible to take advantage of housing Disk Data tablespaces on separate disks by increasing the rate at which checkpoints of such tablespaces can be performed.

In addition, three new tables in the ndbinfo database, also added in NDB 8.0.19 and listed here, provide information about Disk Data performance:

The diskstat table reports on writes to Disk Data tablespaces during the past second
The diskstats_1sec table reports on writes to Disk Data tablespaces for each of the last 20 seconds
The pgman_time_track_stats table reports on the latency of disk operations relating to Disk Data tablespaces

Memory allocation and TransactionMemory. NDB 8.0.19 introduces a new TransactionMemory parameter which simplifies allocation of data node memory for transactions as part of the work done to pool transactional and Local Data Manager (LDM) memory. This parameter is intended to replace several older transactional memory parameters which have been deprecated.

Transaction memory can now be set in any of the three ways listed here:

Several configuration parameters are incompatible with TransactionMemory. If any of these are set, TransactionMemory cannot be set (see Parameters incompatible with TransactionMemory), and the data node's transaction memory is determined as it was previous to NDB 8.0.19.
Note
Attempting to set TransactionMemory and any of these parameters concurrently in the config.ini file prevents the management server from starting.
If TransactionMemory is set, this value is used for determining transaction memory. TransactionMemory cannot be set if any of the incompatible parameters mentioned in the previous item have also been set.
If none of the incompatible parameters are set and TransactionMemory is also not set, transaction memory is set by NDB.

For more information, see the description of TransactionMemory, as well as Section 22.3.3.13, “Data Node Memory Management”.

Support for additional fragment replicas. NDB 8.0.19 increases the maximum number of fragment replicas supported in production from two to four. (Previously, it was possible to set NoOfReplicas to 3 or 4, but this was not officially supported or verified in testing.)

Restoring by slices. Beginning with NDB 8.0.20, it is possible to divide a backup into roughly equal portions (slices) and to restore these slices in parallel using two new options implemented for ndb_restore:

--num-slices determines the number of slices into which the backup should be divided.
--slice-id provides the ID of the slice to be restored by the current instance of ndb_restore.

This makes it possible to employ multiple instances of ndb_restore to restore subsets of the backup in parallel, potentially reducing the amount of time required to perform the restore operation.

For more information, see the description of the ndb_restore --num-slices option.

Read from any fragment replica enabled. Beginning with NDB 8.0.19, read from any fragment replica is enabled by default for all NDB tables. This means that the default value for the ndb_read_backup system variable is now ON, and that the value of the NDB_TABLE comment option READ_BACKUP is 1 when creating a new NDB table. Enabling read from any fragment replica significantly improves performance for reads from NDB tables, with minimal impact on writes.

For more information, see the description of the ndb_read_backup system variable, and Section 13.1.20.10, “Setting NDB_TABLE Options”.

ndb_blob_tool enhancements. Beginning with NDB 8.0.20, the ndb_blob_tool utility can detect missing blob parts for which inline parts exist and replace these with placeholder blob parts (consisting of space characters) of the correct length. To check whether there are missing blob parts, use the --check-missing option with this program. To replace any missing blob parts with placeholders, use the --add-missing option.

For more information, see Section 22.4.6, “ndb_blob_tool — Check and Repair BLOB and TEXT columns of NDB Cluster Tables”.

ndbinfo versioning. NDB 8.0.20 and later supports versioning for ndbinfo tables, and maintains the current definitions for its tables internally. At startup, NDB compares its supported ndbinfo version with the version stored in the data dictionary. If the versions differ, NDB drops any old ndbinfo tables and recreates them using the current definitions.

Support for Fedora Linux. Beginning with NDB 8.0.20, Fedora Linux is a supported platform for NDB Cluster Community releases and can be installed using the RPMs supplied for this purpose by Oracle. These can be obtained from the NDB Cluster downloads page.

NDB programs—NDBT dependency removal. The dependency of a number of NDB utility programs on the NDBT library has been removed. This library is used internally for development, and is not required for normal use; its inclusion in these programs could lead to unwanted issues when testing.

Affected programs are listed here, along with the NDB versions in which the dependency was removed:

ndb_restore, in NDB 8.0.17
ndb_delete_all, in NDB 8.0.18
ndb_show_tables, in NDB 8.0.20
ndb_waiter, in NDB 8.0.20

The principal effect of this change for users is that these programs no longer print NDBT_ProgramExit - status following completion of a run. Applications that depend upon such behavior should be updated to reflect the change when upgrading to the indicated versions.

Pushdown of outer joins and semijoins. Work done in NDB 8.0.20 allows many outer joins and semijoins, and not only those using a primary key or unique key lookup, to be pushed down to the data nodes (see Section 8.2.1.5, “Engine Condition Pushdown Optimization”).

Outer joins using scans which can now be pushed include those which meet the following conditions:

There are no unpushed conditions on the table
There are no unpushed conditions on other tables in the same join nest, or in upper join nests on which it depends
All other tables in the same join nest, or in upper join nests on which it depends, are also pushed

A semijoin that uses an index scan can now be pushed if it meets the the conditions just noted for a pushed outer join, and it uses the firstMatch strategy (see Section 8.2.2.1, “Optimizing IN and EXISTS Subquery Predicates with Semijoin Transformations”).

When a join cannot be pushed, EXPLAIN should provide the reason or reasons.

Foreign keys and lettercasing. NDB stores the names of foreign keys using the case with which they were defined. Formerly, when the value of the lower_case_table_names system variable was set to 0, it performed case-sensitive comparisons of foreign key names as used in SELECT and other SQL statements with the names as stored. Beginning with NDB 8.0.20, such comparisons are now always performed in a case-insensitive fashion, regardless of the value of lower_case_table_names.

Multiple transporters. NDB 8.0.20 introduces support for multiple transporters to handle node-to-node communication between pairs of data nodes. This facilitates higher rates of update operations for each node group in the cluster, and helps avoid constraints imposed by system or other limitations on inter-node communications using a single socket.

By default, NDB now uses a number of transporters based on the number of local data management (LDM) threads or the number of transaction coordinator (TC) threads, whichever is greater. By default, the number of transporters is equal to half of this number. While the default should perform well for most workloads, it is possible to adjust the number of transporters employed by each node group by setting the NodeGroupTransporters data node configuration parameter (also introduced in NDB 8.0.20), up a maximum of the greater of the number of LDM threads or the number of TC threads. Setting it to 0 causes the number of transporters to be the same as the number of LDM threads.

ndb_restore: primary key schema changes. NDB 8.0.21 (and later) supports different primary key definitions for source and target tables when restoring an NDB native backup with ndb_restore when it is run with the --allow-pk-changes option. Both increasing and decreasing the number of columns making up the original primary key are supported.

When the primary key is extended with an additional column or columns, any columns added must be defined as NOT NULL, and no values in any such columns may be changed during the time that the backup is being taken. Because some applications set all column values in a row when updating it, whether or not all values are actually changed, this can cause a restore operation to fail even if no values in the column to be added to the primary key have changed. You can override this behavior using the --ignore-extended-pk-updates option also added in NDB 8.0.21; in this case, you must ensure that no such values are changed.

A column can be removed from the table's primary key whether or not this column remains part of the table.

For more information, see the description of the --allow-pk-changes option for ndb_restore.

Merging backups with ndb_restore. In some cases, it may be desirable to consolidate data originally stored in different instances of NDB Cluster (all using the same schema) into a single target NDB Cluster. This is now supported when using backups created in the ndb_mgm client (see Section 22.5.8.2, “Using The NDB Cluster Management Client to Create a Backup”) and restoring them with ndb_restore, using the --remap-column option added in NDB 8.0.21 along with --restore-data (and possibly additional compatible options as needed or desired). --remap-column can be employed to handle cases in which primary and unique key values are overlapping between source clusters, and it is necessary that they do not overlap in the target cluster, as well as to preserve other relationships between tables such as foreign keys.

--remap-column takes as its argument a string having the format db.tbl.col:fn:args, where db, tbl, and col are, respectively, the names of the database, table, and column, fn is the name of a remapping function, and args is one or more arguments to fn. There is no default value. Only offset is supported as the function name, with args as the integer offset to be applied to the value of the column when inserting it into the target table from the backup. This column must be one of INT or BIGINT; the allowed range of the offset value is the same as the signed version of that type (this allows the offset to be negative if desired).

The new option can be used multiple times in the same invocation of ndb_restore, so that you can remap to new values multiple columns of the same table, different tables, or both. The offset value does not have to be the same for all instances of the option.

In addition, two new options are provided for ndb_desc, also beginning in NDB 8.0.21:

--auto-inc (short form -a): Includes the the next auto-increment value in the output, if the table has an AUTO_INCREMENT column.
--context (short form -x): Provides extra information about the table, including the schema, database name, table name, and internal ID.

For more information and examples, see the description of the --remap-column option.

Send thread improvements. As of NDB 8.0.20, each send thread now handles sends to a subset of transporters, and each block thread now assists only one send thread, resulting in more send threads, and thus better performance and data node scalability.

Adaptive spin control using SpinMethod. NDB 8.0.20 introduces a simple interface for setting up adaptive CPU spin on platforms supporting it, using the SpinMethod data node parameter. This parameter has four settings, one each for static spinning, cost-based adaptive spinning, latency-optimized adaptive spinning, and adaptive spinning optimized for database machines on which each thread has its own CPU. Each of these settings causes the data node to use a set of predetermined values for one or more spin parameters which enable adaptive spinning, set spin timing, and set spin overhead, as appropriate to a given scenario, thus obviating the need to set these directly for common use cases.

For fine-tuning spin behavior, it is also possible to set these and additional spin parameters directly, using the existing SchedulerSpinTimer data node configuration parameter as well as the following DUMP commands in the ndb_mgm client:

DUMP 104000 (SetSchedulerSpinTimerAll): Sets spin time for all threads
DUMP 104001 (SetSchedulerSpinTimerThread): Sets spin time for a specified thread
DUMP 104002 (SetAllowedSpinOverhead): Sets spin overhead as the number of units of CPU time allowed to gain 1 unit of latency
DUMP 104003 (SetSpintimePerCall): Sets the time for a call to spin
DUMP 104004 (EnableAdaptiveSpinning): Enables or disables adpative spinning

NDB 8.0.20 also adds a new TCP configuration parameter TcpSpinTime which sets the time to spin for a given TCP connection.

The ndb_top tool is also enhanced to provide spin time information per thread.

For additional information, see the description of the SpinMethod parameter, the listed DUMP commands, and Section 22.4.29, “ndb_top — View CPU usage information for NDB threads”.

Disk Data and cluster restarts. Beginning with NDB 8.0.21, an initial restart of the cluster forces the removal of all Disk Data objects such as tablespaces and log file groups, including any data files and undo log files associated with these objects.

See Section 22.5.10, “NDB Cluster Disk Data Tables”, for more information.

Disk Data extent allocation. Beginning with NDB 8.0.20, allocation of extents in data files is done in a round-robin fashion among all data files used by a given tablespace. This is expected to improve distribution of data in cases where multiple storage devices are used for Disk Data storage.

For more information, see Section 22.5.10.1, “NDB Cluster Disk Data Objects”.

--ndb-log-fail-terminate option. Beginning with NDB 8.0.21, you can cause the SQL node to terminate whenever it is unable to log all row events fully. This can be done by starting mysqld with the --ndb-log-fail-terminate option.

AllowUnresolvedHostNames parameter. By default, a management node refuses to start when it cannot resolve a host name present in the global configuration file, which can be problematic in some environments such as Kubernetes. Beginning with NDB 8.0.22, it is possible to override this behavior by setting AllowUnresolvedHostNames to true in the [tcp default] section of the cluster global confugration file (config.ini file). Doing so causes such errors to be treated as warnings instead, and to permit ndb_mgmd to continue starting

Blob write performance enhancements. NDB 8.0.22 implements a number of improvements which allow more efficient batching when modifying multiple blob columns in the same row, or when modifying multiple rows containing blob columns in the same statement, by reducing the number of round trips required between an SQL or other API node and the data nodes when applying these modifications. The performance of many INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements can thus be improved. Examples of such statements are listed here, where table is an NDB table containing one or more Blob columns:

INSERT INTO table VALUES ROW(1, blob_value1, blob_value2, ...), that is, insertion of a row containing one or more Blob columns
INSERT INTO table VALUES ROW(1, blob_value1), ROW(2, blob_value2), ROW(3, blob_value3), ..., that is, insertion of multiple rows containing one or more Blob columns
UPDATE table SET blob_column1 = blob_value1, blob_column2 = blob_value2, ...
UPDATE table SET blob_column = blob_value WHERE primary_key_column in (value_list), where the primary key column is not a Blob type
DELETE FROM table WHERE primary_key_column = value, where the primary key column is not a Blob type
DELETE FROM table WHERE primary_key_column IN (value_list), where the primary key column is not a Blob type

Other SQL statements may benefit from these improvements as well. These include LOAD DATA INFILE and CREATE TABLE ... SELECT .... In addition, ALTER TABLE table ENGINE = NDB, where table uses a storage engine other than NDB prior to execution of the statement, may also execute more efficiently.

This enhancement applies to statements affecting columns of MySQL type BLOB, MEDIUMBLOB, LONGBLOB, TEXT, MEDIUMTEXT, and LONGTEXT. Statements which update TINYBLOB or TINYTEXT columns (or both types) only are not affected by this work, and no changes in their performance should be expected.

The performance of some SQL statements is not noticeably improved by this enhancement, due to the fact that they require scans of table Blob columns, which breaks up batching. Such statements include those of the types listed here:

SELECT FROM table [WHERE key_column IN (blob_value_list)], where rows are selected by matching on a primary key or unique key column which uses a Blob type
UPDATE table SET blob_column = blob_value WHERE condition, using a condition which does not depend on a unique value
DELETE FROM table WHERE condition to delete rows containing one or more Blob columns, using a condition which does not depend on a unique value
A copying ALTER TABLE statement on a table which already used the NDB storage engine prior to executing the statement, and whose rows contain one or more Blob columns before or after the statement is executed (or both)

To take advantage of this improvement to its fullest extent, you may wish to increase the values used for the --ndb-batch-size and --ndb-blob-write-batch-bytes options for mysqld, to minimize the number of round trips required to modify Blobs. For replication, it is also recommended that you enable the slave_allow_batching system variable, which minimizes the number of round trips required by the replica cluster to apply epoch transactions.

Node.js update. Beginning with with NDB 8.0.22, the NDB adapter for Node.js is built using version 12.18.3, and only that version (or a later version of Node.js) is now supported.

Encrypted backups. NDB 8.0.22 adds support for backup files encrypted using AES-256-CBC; this is intended to protect against recovery of data from backups that have been accessed by unathorized parties. When encrypted, backup data is protected by a user-supplied password. The password can be any string consisting of up to 256 characters from the range of printable ASCII characters other than !, ', ", $, %, \, and ^. Retention of the password used to encrypt any given NDB Cluster backup must be performed by the user or application; NDB does not save the password. The password can be empty, although this is not recommended.

When taking an NDB Cluster backup, you can encrypt it by using ENCRYPT PASSWORD=password with the management client START BACKUP command. Users of the MGM API can also initiate an encrypted backup by calling ndb_mgm_start_backup4().

To restore from an encrypted backup, use ndb_restore with the options --decrypt and --backup-password. Both options are required, along with any others that would be needed to restore the same backup if it were not encrypted. ndb_print_backup_file and ndbxfrm can also read encrypted files using, respectively, -P password and --decrypt-password=password.

In all cases in which a password is supplied for encryption or decryption, it must be quoted; you can use either single or double quotation marks to delimit the password.

You can encrypt existing backup files using the ndbxfrm utility which is added to the NDB Cluster distribution in the 8.0.22 release; this program can also be employed for decrypting encrypted backup files. In addition, ndbxfrm can compress backup files and decompress compressed backup files using the same method that is employed by NDB Cluster for creating backups when the CompressedBackup configuration parameter is set to 1.

This feature also implements the ability to enforce encrypted backups by setting RequireEncryptedBackup=1 in the [ndbd default] section of the cluster global configuration file. When this is done, the ndb_mgm client rejects any attempt to perform a backup that is not encrypted.

IPv6 support. Beginning with NDB 8.0.22, IPv6 addressing is supported for connections to management and data nodes; this includes connections between management and data nodes with SQL nodes. When configuring a cluster, you can use numeric IPv6 addresses, host names which resolve to IPv6 addresses or both.

For IPv6 addressing to work, the operating platform and network on which the cluster is deployed must support IPv6. As when using IPv4 addressing, hostname resolution to IPv6 addresses must be provided by the operating platform.

IPv4 addressing continues to be supported by NDB. Using IPv4 and IPv6 addresses concurrently is not recommended, but can be made to work in the following cases:

When the management node is configured with IPv6 and data nodes are configured with IPv4 addresses in the config.ini file: This works if --bind-address is not used with mgmd, and data nodes are started with --ndb-connectstring set to the IPv4 address of the management nodes.
When the management node is configured with IPv4 and data nodes are configured with IPv6 addresses in config.ini: Similarly to the other case, this works if --bind-address is not passed to mgmd and data nodes are started with --ndb-connectstring set to the IPv6 address of the management node.

These cases work because ndb_mgmd does not bind to any IP address by default.

To perform an upgrade from a version of NDB that does not support IPv6 addressing to one that does, provided that the network supports IPv4 and IPv6, first perform the software upgrade; after this has been done, you can update IPv4 addresses used in the config.ini file with IPv6 addresses. After this, to cause the configuration changes to take effect and to make the cluster start using the IPv6 addresses, it is necessary to perform a system restart of the cluster.

Auto-Installer deprecated. Beginning with NDB 8.0.23, the MySQL NDB Cluster Auto-Installer web-based installation tool (ndb_setup.py) is deprecated and is subject to removal in a future release of NDB Cluster.

ndbmemcache deprecation and removal. ndbmemcache is no longer supported. ndbmemcache has been deprecated beginning with NDB 8.0.23, and is scheduled for removal in NDB 8.0.24.

22.1.4 What is New in NDB Cluster

What is New in NDB Cluster 8.0