gpgsm
(1)
名称
gpgsm - CMS encryption and signing tool
用法概要
gpgsm [--homedir dir] [--options file] [options] command
[args]
描述
GNU Privacy Guard GPGSM(1)
NAME
gpgsm - CMS encryption and signing tool
SYNOPSIS
gpgsm [--homedir dir] [--options file] [options] command
[args]
DESCRIPTION
gpgsm is a tool similar to gpg to provide digital encryption
and signing services on X.509 certificates and the CMS pro-
tocol. It is mainly used as a backend for S/MIME mail pro-
cessing. gpgsm includes a full featured certificate manage-
ment and complies with all rules defined for the German
Sphinx project.
COMMANDS
Commands are not distinguished from options except for the
fact that only one command is allowed.
Commands not specific to the function
--version
Print the program version and licensing information.
Note that you cannot abbreviate this command.
--help, -h
Print a usage message summarizing the most useful com-
mand-line options. Note that you cannot abbreviate
this command.
--warranty
Print warranty information. Note that you cannot
abbreviate this command.
--dump-options
Print a list of all available options and commands.
Note that you cannot abbreviate this command.
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Commands to select the type of
--encrypt
Perform an encryption. The keys the data is encrypted
too must be set using the option --recipient.
--decrypt
Perform a decryption; the type of input is automati-
cally determined. It may either be in binary form or
PEM encoded; automatic determination of base-64 encod-
ing is not done.
--sign
Create a digital signature. The key used is either the
fist one found in the keybox or those set with the
--local-user option.
--verify
Check a signature file for validity. Depending on the
arguments a detached signature may also be checked.
--server
Run in server mode and wait for commands on the stdin.
--call-dirmngr command [args]
Behave as a Dirmngr client issuing the request command
with the optional list of args. The output of the
Dirmngr is printed stdout. Please note that file names
given as arguments should have an absolute file name
(i.e. commencing with / because they are passed verba-
tim to the Dirmngr and the working directory of the
Dirmngr might not be the same as the one of this
client. Currently it is not possible to pass data via
stdin to the Dirmngr. command should not contain spa-
ces.
This is command is required for certain maintaining
tasks of the dirmngr where a dirmngr must be able to
call back to gpgsm. See the Dirmngr manual for
details.
--call-protect-tool arguments
Certain maintenance operations are done by an external
program call gpg-protect-tool; this is usually not
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installed in a directory listed in the PATH variable.
This command provides a simple wrapper to access this
tool. arguments are passed verbatim to this command;
use '--help' to get a list of supported operations.
How to manage the certificates and
--gen-key
-This command allows the creation of a certificate
signing request. It -is commonly used along with the
--output option to save the -created CSR into a file.
If used with the --batch a parameter -file is used to
create the CSR. This command allows the creation of a
certificate signing request or a self-signed certifi-
cate. It is commonly used along with the --output
option to save the created CSR or certificate into a
file. If used with the --batch a parameter file is
used to create the CSR or certificate and it is further
possible to create non-self-signed certificates.
--list-keys
-k List all available certificates stored in the local key
database. Note that the displayed data might be refor-
matted for better human readability and illegal charac-
ters are replaced by safe substitutes.
--list-secret-keys
-K List all available certificates for which a correspond-
ing a secret key is available.
--list-external-keys pattern
List certificates matching pattern using an external
server. This utilizes the dirmngr service.
--list-chain
Same as --list-keys but also prints all keys making up
the chain.
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--dump-cert
--dump-keys
List all available certificates stored in the local key
database using a format useful mainly for debugging.
--dump-chain
Same as --dump-keys but also prints all keys making up
the chain.
--dump-secret-keys
List all available certificates for which a correspond-
ing a secret key is available using a format useful
mainly for debugging.
--dump-external-keys pattern
List certificates matching pattern using an external
server. This utilizes the dirmngr service. It uses a
format useful mainly for debugging.
--keydb-clear-some-cert-flags
This is a debugging aid to reset certain flags in the
key database which are used to cache certain certifi-
cate stati. It is especially useful if a bad CRL or a
weird running OCSP responder did accidentally revoke
certificate. There is no security issue with this com-
mand because gpgsm always make sure that the validity
of a certificate is checked right before it is used.
--delete-keys pattern
Delete the keys matching pattern. Note that there is
no command to delete the secret part of the key
directly. In case you need to do this, you should run
the command gpgsm --dump-secret-keys KEYID before you
delete the key, copy the string of hex-digits in the
``keygrip'' line and delete the file consisting of
these hex-digits and the suffix .key from the `private-
keys-v1.d' directory below our GnuPG home directory
(usually `~/.gnupg').
--export [pattern]
Export all certificates stored in the Keybox or those
specified by the optional pattern. Those pattern con-
sist of a list of user ids (see: [how-to-specify-a-
user-id]). When used along with the --armor option a
few informational lines are prepended before each
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block. There is one limitation: As there is no com-
monly agreed upon way to pack more than one certificate
into an ASN.1 structure, the binary export (i.e. with-
out using armor) works only for the export of one cer-
tificate. Thus it is required to specify a pattern
which yields exactly one certificate. Ephemeral cer-
tificate are only exported if all pattern are given as
fingerprints or keygrips.
--export-secret-key-p12 key-id
Export the private key and the certificate identified
by key-id in a PKCS#12 format. When using along with
the --armor option a few informational lines are
prepended to the output. Note, that the PKCS#12 format
is not very secure and this command is only provided if
there is no other way to exchange the private key.
(see: [option --p12-charset])
--import [files]
Import the certificates from the PEM or binary encoded
files as well as from signed-only messages. This com-
mand may also be used to import a secret key from a
PKCS#12 file.
--learn-card
Read information about the private keys from the smart-
card and import the certificates from there. This com-
mand utilizes the gpg-agent and in turn the scdaemon.
--passwd user_id
Change the passphrase of the private key belonging to
the certificate specified as user_id. Note, that
changing the passphrase/PIN of a smartcard is not yet
supported.
OPTIONS
GPGSM features a bunch of options to control the exact be-
haviour and to change the default configuration.
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How to change the configuration
These options are used to change the configuration and are
usually found in the option file.
--options file
Reads configuration from file instead of from the
default per-user configuration file. The default con-
figuration file is named `gpgsm.conf' and expected in
the `.gnupg' directory directly below the home direc-
tory of the user.
--homedir dir
Set the name of the home directory to dir. If this
option is not used, the home directory defaults to
`~/.gnupg'. It is only recognized when given on the
command line. It also overrides any home directory
stated through the environment variable `GNUPGHOME' or
(on W32 systems) by means of the Registry entry
HKCU\Software\GNU\GnuPG:HomeDir.
-v
--verbose
Outputs additional information while running. You can
increase the verbosity by giving several verbose com-
mands to gpgsm, such as '-vv'.
--policy-file filename
Change the default name of the policy file to filename.
--agent-program file
Specify an agent program to be used for secret key
operations. The default value is the
`/usr/local/bin/gpg-agent'. This is only used as a
fallback when the environment variable GPG_AGENT_INFO
is not set or a running agent cannot be connected.
--dirmngr-program file
Specify a dirmngr program to be used for CRL checks.
The default value is `/usr/sbin/dirmngr'. This is only
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used as a fallback when the environment variable DIRM-
NGR_INFO is not set or a running dirmngr cannot be con-
nected.
--prefer-system-dirmngr
If a system wide dirmngr is running in daemon mode,
first try to connect to this one. Fallback to a pipe
based server if this does not work. Under Windows this
option is ignored because the system dirmngr is always
used.
--disable-dirmngr
Entirely disable the use of the Dirmngr.
--no-secmem-warning
Do not print a warning when the so called "secure mem-
ory" cannot be used.
--log-file file
When running in server mode, append all logging output
to file.
Certificate related options
--enable-policy-checks
--disable-policy-checks
By default policy checks are enabled. These options
may be used to change it.
--enable-crl-checks
--disable-crl-checks
By default the CRL checks are enabled and the DirMngr
is used to check for revoked certificates. The disable
option is most useful with an off-line network connec-
tion to suppress this check.
--enable-trusted-cert-crl-check
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--disable-trusted-cert-crl-check
By default the CRL for trusted root certificates are
checked like for any other certificates. This allows a
CA to revoke its own certificates voluntary without the
need of putting all ever issued certificates into a
CRL. The disable option may be used to switch this
extra check off. Due to the caching done by the Dirm-
ngr, there will not be any noticeable performance gain.
Note, that this also disables possible OCSP checks for
trusted root certificates. A more specific way of dis-
abling this check is by adding the ``relax'' keyword to
the root CA line of the `trustlist.txt'
--force-crl-refresh
Tell the dirmngr to reload the CRL for each request.
For better performance, the dirmngr will actually opti-
mize this by suppressing the loading for short time
intervals (e.g. 30 minutes). This option is useful to
make sure that a fresh CRL is available for certifi-
cates hold in the keybox. The suggested way of doing
this is by using it along with the option --with-vali-
dation for a key listing command. This option should
not be used in a configuration file.
--enable-ocsp
--disable-ocsp
By default OCSP checks are disabled. The enable option
may be used to enable OCSP checks via Dirmngr. If CRL
checks are also enabled, CRLs will be used as a fall-
back if for some reason an OCSP request will not suc-
ceed. Note, that you have to allow OCSP requests in
Dirmngr's configuration too (option --allow-ocsp) and
configure Dirmngr properly. If you do not do so you
will get the error code 'Not supported'.
--auto-issuer-key-retrieve
If a required certificate is missing while validating
the chain of certificates, try to load that certificate
from an external location. This usually means that
Dirmngr is employed to search for the certificate.
Note that this option makes a "web bug" like behavior
possible. LDAP server operators can see which keys you
request, so by sending you a message signed by a brand
new key (which you naturally will not have on your
local keybox), the operator can tell both your IP
address and the time when you verified the signature.
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--validation-model name
This option changes the default validation model. The
only possible values are "shell" (which is the
default), "chain" which forces the use of the chain
model and "steed" for a new simplified model. The
chain model is also used if an option in the
`trustlist.txt' or an attribute of the certificate
requests it. However the standard model (shell) is in
that case always tried first.
--ignore-cert-extension oid
Add oid to the list of ignored certificate extensions.
The oid is expected to be in dotted decimal form, like
2.5.29.3. This option may be used more than once.
Critical flagged certificate extensions matching one of
the OIDs in the list are treated as if they are actu-
ally handled and thus the certificate will not be
rejected due to an unknown critical extension. Use
this option with care because extensions are usually
flagged as critical for a reason.
Input and Output
--armor
-a Create PEM encoded output. Default is binary output.
--base64
Create Base-64 encoded output; i.e. PEM without the
header lines.
--assume-armor
Assume the input data is PEM encoded. Default is to
autodetect the encoding but this is may fail.
--assume-base64
Assume the input data is plain base-64 encoded.
--assume-binary
Assume the input data is binary encoded.
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--p12-charset name
gpgsm uses the UTF-8 encoding when encoding passphrases
for PKCS#12 files. This option may be used to force
the passphrase to be encoded in the specified encoding
name. This is useful if the application used to import
the key uses a different encoding and thus will not be
able to import a file generated by gpgsm. Commonly
used values for name are Latin1 and CP850. Note that
gpgsm itself automagically imports any file with a
passphrase encoded to the most commonly used encodings.
--default-key user_id
Use user_id as the standard key for signing. This key
is used if no other key has been defined as a signing
key. Note, that the first --local-users option also
sets this key if it has not yet been set; however
--default-key always overrides this.
--local-user user_id
-u user_id
Set the user(s) to be used for signing. The default is
the first secret key found in the database.
--recipient name
-r Encrypt to the user id name. There are several ways a
user id may be given (see: [how-to-specify-a-user-id]).
--output file
-o file
Write output to file. The default is to write it to
stdout.
--with-key-data
Displays extra information with the --list-keys com-
mands. Especially a line tagged grp is printed which
tells you the keygrip of a key. This string is for
example used as the file name of the secret key.
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--with-validation
When doing a key listing, do a full validation check
for each key and print the result. This is usually a
slow operation because it requires a CRL lookup and
other operations.
When used along with --import, a validation of the cer-
tificate to import is done and only imported if it suc-
ceeds the test. Note that this does not affect an
already available certificate in the DB. This option
is therefore useful to simply verify a certificate.
--with-md5-fingerprint
For standard key listings, also print the MD5 finger-
print of the certificate.
--with-keygrip
Include the keygrip in standard key listings. Note
that the keygrip is always listed in --with-colons
mode.
How to change how the CMS
--include-certs n
Using n of -2 includes all certificate except for the
root cert, -1 includes all certs, 0 does not include
any certs, 1 includes only the signers cert and all
other positive values include up to n certificates
starting with the signer cert. The default is -2.
--cipher-algo oid
Use the cipher algorithm with the ASN.1 object identi-
fier oid for encryption. For convenience the strings
3DES, AES and AES256 may be used instead of their OIDs.
The default is 3DES (1.2.840.113549.3.7).
--digest-algo name
Use name as the message digest algorithm. Usually this
algorithm is deduced from the respective signing cer-
tificate. This option forces the use of the given
algorithm and may lead to severe interoperability prob-
lems.
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Doing things one usually do not
--extra-digest-algo name
Sometimes signatures are broken in that they announce a
different digest algorithm than actually used. gpgsm
uses a one-pass data processing model and thus needs to
rely on the announced digest algorithms to properly
hash the data. As a workaround this option may be used
to tell gpg to also hash the data using the algorithm
name; this slows processing down a little bit but
allows to verify such broken signatures. If gpgsm
prints an error like ``digest algo 8 has not been
enabled'' you may want to try this option, with
'SHA256' for name.
--faked-system-time epoch
This option is only useful for testing; it sets the
system time back or forth to epoch which is the number
of seconds elapsed since the year 1970. Alternatively
epoch may be given as a full ISO time string (e.g.
"20070924T154812").
--with-ephemeral-keys
Include ephemeral flagged keys in the output of key
listings. Note that they are included anyway if the
key specification for a listing is given as fingerprint
or keygrip.
--debug-level level
Select the debug level for investigating problems.
level may be a numeric value or by a keyword:
none No debugging at all. A value of less than 1 may
be used instead of the keyword.
basic
Some basic debug messages. A value between 1 and
2 may be used instead of the keyword.
advanced
More verbose debug messages. A value between 3
and 5 may be used instead of the keyword.
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expert
Even more detailed messages. A value between 6
and 8 may be used instead of the keyword.
guru All of the debug messages you can get. A value
greater than 8 may be used instead of the keyword.
The creation of hash tracing files is only enabled
if the keyword is used.
How these messages are mapped to the actual debugging flags
is not specified and may change with newer releases of this
program. They are however carefully selected to best aid in
debugging.
--debug flags
This option is only useful for debugging and the behav-
iour may change at any time without notice; using
--debug-levels is the preferred method to select the
debug verbosity. FLAGS are bit encoded and may be
given in usual C-Syntax. The currently defined bits
are:
0 (1)
X.509 or OpenPGP protocol related data
1 (2)
values of big number integers
2 (4)
low level crypto operations
5 (32)
memory allocation
6 (64)
caching
7 (128)
show memory statistics.
9 (512)
write hashed data to files named dbgmd-000*
10 (1024)
trace Assuan protocol
Note, that all flags set using this option may get overrid-
den by --debug-level.
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--debug-all
Same as --debug=0xffffffff
--debug-allow-core-dump
Usually gpgsm tries to avoid dumping core by well writ-
ten code and by disabling core dumps for security rea-
sons. However, bugs are pretty durable beasts and to
squash them it is sometimes useful to have a core dump.
This option enables core dumps unless the Bad Thing
happened before the option parsing.
--debug-no-chain-validation
This is actually not a debugging option but only useful
as such. It lets gpgsm bypass all certificate chain
validation checks.
--debug-ignore-expiration
This is actually not a debugging option but only useful
as such. It lets gpgsm ignore all notAfter dates, this
is used by the regression tests.
--fixed-passphrase string
Supply the passphrase string to the gpg-protect-tool.
This option is only useful for the regression tests
included with this package and may be revised or
removed at any time without notice.
--no-common-certs-import
Suppress the import of common certificates on keybox
creation.
All the long options may also be given in the configu-
ration file after stripping off the two leading dashes.
HOW TO SPECIFY A USER ID
There are different ways to specify a user ID to GnuPG.
Some of them are only valid for gpg others are only good for
gpgsm. Here is the entire list of ways to specify a key:
By key Id.
This format is deduced from the length of the string
and its content or 0x prefix. The key Id of an X.509
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certificate are the low 64 bits of its SHA-1 finger-
print. The use of key Ids is just a shortcut, for all
automated processing the fingerprint should be used.
When using gpg an exclamation mark (!) may be appended
to force using the specified primary or secondary key
and not to try and calculate which primary or secondary
key to use.
The last four lines of the example give the key ID in
their long form as internally used by the OpenPGP pro-
tocol. You can see the long key ID using the option
--with-colons.
234567C4
0F34E556E
01347A56A
0xAB123456
234AABBCC34567C4
0F323456784E56EAB
01AB3FED1347A5612
0x234AABBCC34567C4
By fingerprint.
This format is deduced from the length of the string
and its content or the 0x prefix. Note, that only the
20 byte version fingerprint is available with gpgsm
(i.e. the SHA-1 hash of the certificate).
When using gpg an exclamation mark (!) may be appended
to force using the specified primary or secondary key
and not to try and calculate which primary or secondary
key to use.
The best way to specify a key Id is by using the fin-
gerprint. This avoids any ambiguities in case that
there are duplicated key IDs.
1234343434343434C434343434343434
123434343434343C3434343434343734349A3434
0E12343434343434343434EAB3484343434343434
0xE12343434343434343434EAB3484343434343434
(gpgsm also accepts colons between each pair of hexadecimal
digits because this is the de-facto standard on how to
present X.509 fingerprints.)
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By exact match on OpenPGP user
This is denoted by a leading equal sign. It does not
make sense for X.509 certificates.
=Heinrich Heine <heinrichh@uni-duesseldorf.de>
By exact match on an email
This is indicated by enclosing the email address in the
usual way with left and right angles.
<heinrichh@uni-duesseldorf.de>
By word match.
All words must match exactly (not case sensitive) but
can appear in any order in the user ID or a subjects
name. Words are any sequences of letters, digits, the
underscore and all characters with bit 7 set.
+Heinrich Heine duesseldorf
By exact match on the subject's
This is indicated by a leading slash, directly followed
by the RFC-2253 encoded DN of the subject. Note that
you can't use the string printed by "gpgsm --list-keys"
because that one as been reordered and modified for
better readability; use --with-colons to print the raw
(but standard escaped) RFC-2253 string
/CN=Heinrich Heine,O=Poets,L=Paris,C=FR
By exact match on the issuer's
This is indicated by a leading hash mark, directly fol-
lowed by a slash and then directly followed by the
rfc2253 encoded DN of the issuer. This should return
the Root cert of the issuer. See note above.
#/CN=Root Cert,O=Poets,L=Paris,C=FR
By exact match on serial number
This is indicated by a hash mark, followed by the hexa-
decimal representation of the serial number, then fol-
lowed by a slash and the RFC-2253 encoded DN of the
issuer. See note above.
#4F03/CN=Root Cert,O=Poets,L=Paris,C=FR
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By keygrip
This is indicated by an ampersand followed by the 40
hex digits of a keygrip. gpgsm prints the keygrip when
using the command --dump-cert. It does not yet work
for OpenPGP keys.
&D75F22C3F86E355877348498CDC92BD21010A480
By substring match.
This is the default mode but applications may want to
explicitly indicate this by putting the asterisk in
front. Match is not case sensitive.
Heine
*Heine
Please note that we have reused the hash mark identifier
which was used in old GnuPG versions to indicate the so
called local-id. It is not anymore used and there should be
no conflict when used with X.509 stuff.
Using the RFC-2253 format of DNs has the drawback that it is
not possible to map them back to the original encoding, how-
ever we don't have to do this because our key database
stores this encoding as meta data.
EXAMPLES
$ gpgsm -er goo@bar.net <plaintext >ciphertext
FILES
There are a few configuration files to control certain
aspects of gpgsm's operation. Unless noted, they are
expected in the current home directory (see: [option --home-
dir]).
gpgsm.conf
This is the standard configuration file read by gpgsm
on startup. It may contain any valid long option; the
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leading two dashes may not be entered and the option
may not be abbreviated. This default name may be
changed on the command line (see: [gpgsm-option
--options]). You should backup this file.
policies.txt
This is a list of allowed CA policies. This file
should list the object identifiers of the policies line
by line. Empty lines and lines starting with a hash
mark are ignored. Policies missing in this file and
not marked as critical in the certificate will print
only a warning; certificates with policies marked as
critical and not listed in this file will fail the sig-
nature verification. You should backup this file.
For example, to allow only the policy 2.289.9.9, the
file should look like this:
# Allowed policies
2.289.9.9
qualified.txt
This is the list of root certificates used for quali-
fied certificates. They are defined as certificates
capable of creating legally binding signatures in the
same way as handwritten signatures are. Comments start
with a hash mark and empty lines are ignored. Lines do
have a length limit but this is not a serious limita-
tion as the format of the entries is fixed and checked
by gpgsm: A non-comment line starts with optional
whitespace, followed by exactly 40 hex character, white
space and a lowercased 2 letter country code. Addi-
tional data delimited with by a white space is current
ignored but might late be used for other purposes.
Note that even if a certificate is listed in this file,
this does not mean that the certificate is trusted; in
general the certificates listed in this file need to be
listed also in `trustlist.txt'.
This is a global file an installed in the data direc-
tory (e.g. `/usr/share/gnupg/qualified.txt'). GnuPG
installs a suitable file with root certificates as used
in Germany. As new Root-CA certificates may be issued
over time, these entries may need to be updated; new
distributions of this software should come with an
updated list but it is still the responsibility of the
Administrator to check that this list is correct.
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Everytime gpgsm uses a certificate for signing or veri-
fication this file will be consulted to check whether
the certificate under question has ultimately been
issued by one of these CAs. If this is the case the
user will be informed that the verified signature rep-
resents a legally binding (``qualified'') signature.
When creating a signature using such a certificate an
extra prompt will be issued to let the user confirm
that such a legally binding signature shall really be
created.
Because this software has not yet been approved for use
with such certificates, appropriate notices will be
shown to indicate this fact.
help.txt
This is plain text file with a few help entries used
with pinentry as well as a large list of help items for
gpg and gpgsm. The standard file has English help
texts; to install localized versions use filenames like
`help.LL.txt' with LL denoting the locale. GnuPG comes
with a set of predefined help files in the data direc-
tory (e.g. `/usr/share/gnupg/help.de.txt') and allows
overriding of any help item by help files stored in the
system configuration directory (e.g.
`/etc/gnupg/help.de.txt'). For a reference of the help
file's syntax, please see the installed `help.txt'
file.
com-certs.pem
This file is a collection of common certificates used
to populated a newly created `pubring.kbx'. An admin-
istrator may replace this file with a custom one. The
format is a concatenation of PEM encoded X.509 certifi-
cates. This global file is installed in the data
directory (e.g. `/usr/share/gnupg/com-certs.pem').
Note that on larger installations, it is useful to put pre-
defined files into the directory `/etc/skel/.gnupg/' so that
newly created users start up with a working configuration.
For existing users a small helper script is provided to cre-
ate these files (see: [addgnupghome]).
For internal purposes gpgsm creates and maintains a few
other files; they all live in in the current home directory
(see: [option --homedir]). Only gpgsm may modify these
files.
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pubring.kbx
This a database file storing the certificates as well as
meta information. For debugging purposes the tool kbxutil
may be used to show the internal structure of this file.
You should backup this file.
random_seed
This content of this file is used to maintain the internal
state of the random number generator across invocations.
The same file is used by other programs of this software
too.
S.gpg-agent
If this file exists and the environment variable
`GPG_AGENT_INFO' is not set, gpgsm will first try to connect
to this socket for accessing gpg-agent before starting a new
gpg-agent instance. Under Windows this socket (which in
reality be a plain file describing a regular TCP listening
port) is the standard way of connecting the gpg-agent.
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following
attributes:
+---------------+------------------+
|ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
+---------------+------------------+
|Availability | crypto/gnupg |
+---------------+------------------+
|Stability | Uncommitted |
+---------------+------------------+
SEE ALSO
gpg2(1), gpg-agent(1)
The full documentation for this tool is maintained as a Tex-
info manual. If GnuPG and the info program are properly
installed at your site, the command
info gnupg
should give you access to the complete manual including a
menu structure and an index.
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NOTES
This software was built from source available at
https://java.net/projects/solaris-userland. The original
community source was downloaded from
ftp://ftp.gnupg.org/gcrypt/gnupg/gnupg-2.0.22.tar.bz2
Further information about this software can be found on the
open source community website at http://www.gnupg.org/.
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