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System Administration Guide
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Part I Managing User Accounts and Groups
Chapter 1 Managing User Accounts and Groups (Overview)
What Are User Accounts and Groups
Guidelines for Managing User Accounts
Name Services
User (Login) Names
User ID Numbers
Using Large User IDs and Group IDs
Passwords
Password Aging
Home Directories
The User's Work Environment
Guidelines for Managing Groups
Tools for Managing User Accounts and Groups
What You Can Do With Admintool
Modify User Accounts
Delete User Accounts
Add Customized User Initialization Files
Administer Passwords
Disable User Accounts
Where User Account and Group Information Is Stored
Fields in the passwd File
Fields in the Shadow File
Fields in the Group File
UNIX User Groups
Customizing a User's Work Environment
Use Site Initialization Files
Avoid Local System References
Shell Features
Shell Environment
The PATH Variable
Guidelines
Examples--Setting a User's Default Path
The Locale Variables
Examples--Setting the Locale Using the LANG Variables
Default File Permissions (umask)
Examples of User and Site Initialization Files
Example--.profile File
Example--.cshrc File
Example--Site Initialization File
Chapter 2 Setting Up and Maintaining User Accounts and Groups (Tasks)
Becoming Superuser (root)
How to Become Superuser (root)
Setting Up User Accounts
User Information Data Sheet
How to Customize User Initialization Files
Example--Customizing User Initialization Files
How to Start Admintool
Example--Starting Admintool
How to Add a Group
Example--Adding a Group
How to Add a New User Account
Where to Go From Here
Example--Adding a New User Account
How to Share a User's Home Directory
Where to Go From Here
Example--Sharing a User's Home Directory
How to Mount a User's Home Directory
Example--Mounting a User's Home Directory
Maintaining User Accounts Task Map
How to Modify a Group
Example--Modifying a Group
How to Delete a Group
How to Modify a User Account
Example--Modifying a User Account
How to Disable a User Account
Example--Disabling a User Account
How to Change a User's Password
Example--Changing a User's Password
How to Change Password Aging for a User Account
Example--Changing Password Aging for a User Account
How to Delete a User Account
Example-Deleting a User Account
Solaris User Registration
Error Conditions
How To Disable User Registration
Part II Managing Server and Client Support
Chapter 3 Managing Server and Client Support (Overview)
Where to Find Server and Client Tasks
What Are Servers and Clients
What Does Support Mean
Overview of System Types
Servers
Standalone Systems
Diskless Clients
JavaStation Client
AutoClient Systems
Guidelines for Choosing System Types
Tools for Managing Server and Client Support
What You Can Do With Host Manager
Add and Maintain Support
Update System Types
Convert System Types
Add OS Services
Adding OS Services to a Server When the OS Services Have Been Patched
Remove OS Services
Set Up Remote Installation Services
Queue Tasks
Set Root Passwords
Enable Scripts
Add a Multihomed Host
What You Can't Do With Host Manager
Running Host Manager as Superuser
Chapter 4 Managing Server and Client Support (Tasks)
Adding Server and Client Support Task Map
How to Start Solstice Host Manager
Example--Host Manager Main Window
How to Update System Types
How to Set Defaults for Adding Support
How to Add Support for a Standalone System or OS Server
Example--Completed Host Manager Add Window for a Standalone System
Where to Go From Here
How to Convert a System to an OS Server
Example--Completed Host Manager Convert Window
How to Add SunOS 4.x OS Services to an OS Server
Where to Go From Here
How to Add Solaris 2.x OS Services to an OS Server
Example--Completed Add OS Services Window
How to Add Support for an AutoClient System
Example--Completed Host Manager Add Window for an AutoClient System
How to Add Support for a Diskless Client
Example--Completed Host Manager Add Window for a Diskless Client
Maintaining Server and Client Support
How to Modify Support for a System
How to Delete Support for a System
Using the Host Manager Command-Line Interface to Automate Setup Tasks
Part III Shutting Down and Booting a System
Chapter 5 Shutting Down and Booting a System (Overview)
What's New in Shutting Down and Booting a System
Where to Find Shutting Down and Booting Tasks
Terminology
Guidelines for Shutting Down a System
Guidelines for Booting a System
Performing a Reconfiguration Boot
When to Shut Down a System
When to Boot a System
Chapter 6 Run Levels and Boot Files (Tasks)
Run Levels
How to Determine a System's Run Level
Example--Determining a System's Run Level
The /etc/inittab File
Example--Default inittab File
What Happens When the System Is Brought to Run Level 3
Run Control Scripts
Using a Run Control Script to Stop or Start Services
How to Use a Run Control Script to Stop or Start a Service
Example--Using a Run Control Script to Stop or Start a Service
Adding a Run Control Script
How to Add a Run Control Script
Example--Adding a Run Control Script
Disabling a Run Control Script
How to Disable a Run Control Script
Example--Disabling a Run Control Script
Run Control Script Summaries
Chapter 7 Shutting Down a System (Tasks)
When to Shut Down the System
How to Shut Down a System
When to Turn Off Power to Devices
Notifying Users of System Down Time
How to Determine Who is Logged in to a System
Example--Determining Who Is Logged in to a System
How to Shut Down a Server
Example--Bringing a SPARC System to Run Level S
Example--Bringing a SPARC System to Run Level 0
Example--Rebooting a SPARC System to Run Level 3
Where to Go From Here
How to Shut Down a Standalone System
Example--Bringing an x86 System to Run Level 0
Example--Bringing a SPARC System to Run Level S
Where to Go From Here
How to Turn Off Power to All Devices
Chapter 8 Booting a SPARC System (Tasks)
SPARC: Using the Boot PROM
SPARC: How to Switch to the ok Prompt
SPARC: How to Find the PROM Release for a System
SPARC: How to Change the Default Boot Device
SPARC: Example--Changing the Default Boot Device
SPARC: How to Reset the System
Booting a SPARC System
SPARC: How to Boot a System to Run Level 3 (Multiuser State)
Example--Booting a System to Run Level 3 (Multiuser State)
SPARC: How to Boot a System to Run Level S (Single-User State)
SPARC: Example--Booting a System to Run Level S (Single-User State)
SPARC: How to Boot a System Interactively
SPARC: Example--Booting a System Interactively
SPARC: How to Boot a System for Recovery Purposes
SPARC: Example--Booting a System for Recovery Purposes
SPARC: How to Stop the System for Recovery Purposes
SPARC: Example--Stopping the System for Recovery Purposes
SPARC: Forcing a Crash Dump and Rebooting the System
SPARC: How to Force a Crash Dump and Reboot the System
SPARC: Example--Forcing a Crash Dump and Rebooting the System
SPARC: How to Boot the System Using the Kernel Debugger (kadb)
SPARC: Example--Booting the System using the Kernel Debugger (kadb)
Chapter 9 Intel: Booting a System (Tasks)
Booting an x86 System
x86: How to Boot a System to Run Level 3 (Multiuser State)
x86: Example--Booting a System to Run Level 3 (Multiuser State)
x86: How to Boot a System to Run Level S (Single-User State)
x86: Example--Booting a System to Run Level S (Single-User State)
x86: How to Boot a System Interactively
x86: Example--Booting a System Interactively
x86: How to Boot a System for Recovery Purposes
x86: Example--Booting a System for Recovery Purposes
x86: How to Stop the System for Recovery Purposes
x86: Forcing a Crash Dump and Rebooting the System
x86: How to Force a Crash Dump and Reboot the System
x86: Example--Forcing a Crash Dump and Rebooting the System
Chapter 10 The Boot Process (Reference)
SPARC: The Boot PROM
SPARC: The Boot Process
SPARC: The Boot Process Details
x86: The PC BIOS
x86: Boot Subsystems
x86: Configuration Assistant/Boot Diskette
Configuration Assistant Phase
Scanning Devices Phase
Identifying Devices Phase
Solaris Boot Phase
Solaris Boot Options Phase
x86: The Boot Process
x86: The Boot Process Details
Part IV Managing Removable Media
Chapter 11 Guidelines for Using CDs and Diskettes (Overview)
Where to Find Managing Removable Media Tasks
Features and Benefits
Comparison of Automatic and Manual Mounting
What You Can Do With Diskettes and CDs
Chapter 12 Using CDs From the Command Line (Tasks)
Using CDs Task Map
Using CD Names
How to Load a CD
How to Examine the Contents of a CD
Example--Examining the Contents of a CD
How to Copy Information From a CD
Example--Copying Information From a CD
How to Find Out If a CD Is Still in Use
Example--Finding Out If a CD Is Still in Use
How to Eject a CD
How to Access CDs on Other Systems
Example--Accessing CDs on Other Systems
How to Make Local CDs Available to Other Systems
Example--Making Local CDs Available to Other Systems
How to Configure a System to Play Musical CDs
Example--Configuring a System to Play Musical CDs
How to Prepare a System for a New CD-ROM Drive
Configuring Volume Management
How to Stop Volume Management
How to Restart Volume Management
Chapter 13 Formatting and Using Diskettes From the Command Line (Tasks)
Formatting Diskettes Task Map
Using Diskette Names
Hardware Considerations
How to Format a UFS Diskette
Examples--Formatting a UFS Diskette
How to Place a UFS File System on a Diskette
Example--Placing a UFS File System on a Diskette
How to Format a DOS Diskette
Example--Formatting a DOS Diskette
Using Diskettes Task Map
How to Load a Diskette
How to Examine the Contents of a Diskette
Example--Examining the Contents of a Diskette
How to Copy or Move Information From a Diskette
Examples--Copying or Moving Information from a Diskette
How to Copy or Move Information to a Diskette
Examples--Copying or Moving Information to a Diskette
How to Find Out If a Diskette Is Still in Use
Example--Finding Out If a Diskette Is Still In Use
How to Eject a Diskette
How to Access Diskettes on Other Systems
Example--Accessing Diskettes on Other Systems
How to Make Local Diskettes Available to Other Systems
Example--Making Local Diskettes Available to Other Systems
Chapter 14 Using PCMCIA Memory Cards From the Command Line (Tasks)
Formatting PCMCIA Memory Cards Task Map
Using PCMCIA Memory Cards Names
Hardware Considerations
How to Format a UFS PCMCIA Memory Card
Examples--Formatting a UFS PCMCIA Memory Card
How to Place a UFS File System on a PCMCIA Memory Card
Example--Placing a UFS File System on a PCMCIA Memory Card
How to Format a DOS PCMCIA Memory Card
Using PCMCIA Memory Cards Task Map
How to Load a PCMCIA Memory Card
How to Examine the Contents of a PCMCIA Memory Card
Example--Displaying the Contents of a PCMCIA Memory Card
How to Copy or Move Information From a PCMCIA Memory Card
Examples--Copying or Moving Information from a PCMCIA Memory Card
How to Copy or Move Information to a PCMCIA Memory Card
Examples--Copying or Moving Information to a PCMCIA Memory Card
How to Find Out If a PCMCIA Memory Card Is Still In Use
Example--Finding Out If a PCMCIA Memory Card Is Still In Use
How to Eject a PCMCIA Memory Card
How to Access PCMCIA Memory Cards on Other Systems
Example--Accessing PCMCIA Memory Cards on Other Systems
How to Make Local PCMCIA Memory Cards Available to Other Systems
Example--Making Local PCMCIA Memory Cards Available to Other Systems
Chapter 15 How Volume Management Works (Overview)
Volume Management Mounts All Removable Media
Volume Management Provides Access to Diskettes
Volume Management Provides Access to CDs
Volument Management Supplies Convenient Mount Points for Easier Access
Volume Management Creates Two Sets of Symbolic Links
Symbolic Links for File System Access
Symbolic Links for Raw Device Access
Volume Management Can Be Limited by UFS Formats
What About Mixed Formats?
Part V Managing Software
Chapter 16 Software Administration (Overview)
What's New in Software Administration
Where to Find Software Administration Tasks
Software Packages
Tools for Managing Software
What Happens When You Add or Remove a Package
What You Should Know Before Adding or Removing Packages
Guidelines for Client Software Administration
Installing Sun Packages on Servers and Clients
Installing Third-Party Packages on Servers and Clients
Installing Packages in Heterogeneous Environments
Guidelines for Removing Packages
Avoiding User Interaction When Adding Packages
Using an Administration File
Using a Response File
Chapter 17 Software Administration (Tasks)
Commands for Handling Software Packages
Known Problem With Adding and Removing Packages
Adding Packages
How to Add Packages to a Standalone System
Example--Installing Software From a Mounted CD
Example--Installing Software From a Remote Package Server
Using a Spool Directory
How to Add a Package to a Spool Directory
Example--Setting Up a Spool Directory From a Mounted CD
Example--Setting Up a Spool Directory From a Remote Package Server
Example--Installing a Package From the Default Spool Directory
Adding Packages in a Homogeneous Client/Server Environment
Adding Sun Packages on Clients
Adding Third-Party Packages on Clients
Adding Packages in a Heterogeneous Client/Server Environment
How to Determine Where a Package's Files Will Be Installed
Example--Determining Where a Package's Files Will Be Installed
How to Add a Package to a Diskless or AutoClient System's root (/) File System
Example--Installing a Package From a Mounted CD to a Diskless Client's Root File System
Example--Installing a Package From a Package Server to a Diskless Client's Root File System
How to Add Packages to a Server
Example--Installing Software From a Mounted CD
Checking the Installation of Packages
How to List Information About All Installed Packages
Example--Listing All Packages Installed
Example--Listing All Packages Installed on a Diskless or AutoClient System
How to Check the Integrity of an Installed Package
Example--Checking the Contents of an Installed Package
Example--Checking the File Attributes of an Installed Package
Example--Checking Packages Installed in a Spool Directory
How to Display Detailed Information About a Package
Example--Displaying Detailed Information About a Package
Removing Packages From Servers and Standalone Systems
How to Remove a Package
How to Remove a Spooled Package
How to Remove a Diskless or AutoClient System's Package
Example--Removing a Diskless Client's Package
Adding and Removing Packages Using Admintool
How to Add Packages With Admintool
How to Remove Packages With Admintool
Chapter 18 Patch Administration (Overview)
What Is a Patch
Tools For Managing Patches
Patch Distribution
What You Need to Access Sun Patches
Patch Access Via the World Wide Web
Patch Access Via ftp
Patch Numbering
What Happens When You Install a Patch
What Happens When You Remove a Patch
Part VI Managing Devices
Chapter 19 Device Management (Overview/Tasks)
About Device Drivers
Automatic Configuration of Devices
Features and Benefits
What You Need For Unsupported Devices
Adding a Peripheral Device to a System
How to Add a Peripheral Device
How to a Add a Device Driver
Example--Adding a Device Driver
Displaying Device Configuration Information
driver not attached Message
Identifying a System's Devices
How to Display System Configuration Information
Examples--Displaying System Configuration Information
How to Display Device Information
Examples--Displaying Device Information
Chapter 20 Accessing Devices (Overview)
Accessing Devices
How Device Information Is Created
Device Naming Conventions
Logical Disk Device Names
Specifying the Disk Subdirectory
Specifying the Slice
SPARC: Disks With Direct Controllers
x86: Disks With Direct Controllers
SPARC: Disks With Bus-Oriented Controllers
x86: Disks With SCSI Controllers
Logical Tape Device Names
Logical CD-ROM Device Names
Part VII Managing Disks
Chapter 21 Disk Management (Overview)
Where to Find Disk Management Tasks
Introduction
Disk Terminology
About Disk Slices
SPARC: Disk Slices
x86: Disk Slices
Using Raw Data Slices
Slice Arrangements on Multiple Disks
Determining Which Slices to Use
The format Utility
Definition
Features and Benefits
When to Use the format Utility
Guidelines for Using the format Utility
Formatting a Disk
About Disk Labels
Partition Table
Examples--Partition Tables
Dividing a Disk Into Slices
Using the Free Hog Slice
Chapter 22 Administering Disks (Tasks)
Administering Disks Task Map
Identifying Disks on a System
How to Identify the Disks on a System
Examples--Identifying the Disks on a System
Where to Go From Here
Formatting a Disk
How to Determine If a Disk is Formatted
Example--Determining If a Disk Is Formatted
How to Format a Disk
Example--Formatting a Disk
Displaying Disk Slices
How to Display Disk Slice Information
Examples--Displaying Disk Slice Information
Creating and Examining a Disk Label
How to Label a Disk
Example--Labeling a Disk
How to Examine a Disk Label
Example--Examining a Disk Label
Recovering a Corrupted Disk Label
How to Recover a Corrupted Disk Label
Adding a Third-Party Disk
Creating a format.dat Entry
How to Create a format.dat Entry
Automatically Configuring SCSI Disk Drivers
How to Automatically Configure a SCSI Drive
Repairing a Defective Sector
How to Identify a Defective Sector by Using Surface Analysis
How to Repair a Defective Sector
Tips and Tricks
Debugging format Sessions
Label Multiple Disks by Using the prtvtoc and fmthard Commands
Example--Labeling Multiple Disks
Chapter 23 SPARC: Adding a Disk (Tasks)
SPARC: About System and Secondary Disks
SPARC: Adding a System or Secondary Disk Task Map
SPARC: How to Connect a System Disk and Boot
Where to Go From Here
SPARC: How to Connect a Secondary Disk and Boot
Where to Go From Here
SPARC: How to Create Disk Slices and Label a Disk
SPARC: Example--Creating Disk Slices and Labeling a System Disk
SPARC: Example--Creating Disk Slices and Labeling a System Disk (Continued)
SPARC: Example--Creating Disk Slices and Labeling a Secondary Disk
SPARC: Example--Creating Disk Slices and Labeling a Secondary Disk (Continued)
Where to Go From Here
SPARC: How to Create File Systems
Where to Go From Here
SPARC: How to Install a Boot Block on a System Disk
SPARC: Example--Installing a Boot Block on a System Disk
Chapter 24 x86: Adding a Disk (Tasks)
x86: About System and Secondary Disks
x86: Adding a System or Secondary Disk Task Map
x86: Guidelines for Creating an fdisk Partition
x86: How to Connect a System Disk and Boot
Where to Go From Here
x86: How to Connect a Secondary Disk and Boot
Where to Go From Here
x86: How to Create a Solaris fdisk Partition
Where to Go From Here
x86: Example--Creating a Solaris fdisk Partition That Spans the Entire Drive
x86: Example--Creating a Solaris fdisk Partition and Preserving an Existing fdisk Partition
x86: Example--Creating a Solaris fdisk Partition and an Additional fdisk Partition
x86: Example--Creating a Solaris fdisk Partition and an Additional fdisk Partition (Continued)
x86: How to Create Disk Slices and Label a Disk
Where to Go From Here
x86: How to Create File Systems
Where to Go From Here
x86: How to Install a Boot Block on a System Disk
x86: Example--Installing a Boot Block on a System Disk
Chapter 25 The format Utility (Reference)
Requirements or Restrictions for Using the format Utility
Recommendations for Preserving Information When Using format
Format Menu and Command Descriptions
The partition Menu
x86: The fdisk Menu
The analyze Menu
The defect Menu
Files Used by format--format.dat
Structure
Syntax
Keywords
Disk Type
Slice Tables
Location
Rules for Input to format Commands
Numbers
Block Numbers
Command Names
Other Names
Help
Associated Man Pages
Part VIII Managing File Systems
Chapter 26 File Systems (Overview)
What's New in File Systems?
Large Files
NFS Client Failover
WebNFS
Types of File Systems
Disk-based File Systems
Network-based File Systems
Virtual File Systems
The Cache File System
The Temporary File System
The Loopback File System
The Process File System
Additional Virtual File Systems
File System Administration Commands
Syntax of Generic Commands
How the File System Commands Determine the File System Type
Manual Pages for Generic and Specific Commands
The Default Solaris File Systems
Swap Space
The UFS File System
Disk Slices
Cylinder Groups
Types of Blocks
Size Restrictions on UFS File Systems
Total Size
Maximum File Size
Maximum Number of Files
Logical Block and Fragment Size
Planning UFS File Systems
Mounting and Unmounting
The Virtual File System Table
Automounting Directories
Sharing Files From a Server
Determining a File System's Type
How to Determine the Type of a File System
How to Determine a Mounted File System's Type
Example--Determining a Mounted File System's Type
How to Find Out Which File Systems are Mounted on What Disk Slices
Example--Finding Out Which File Systems are Mounted on What Disk Slices
Chapter 27 Creating File Systems (Tasks)
Creating a UFS File System
File System Parameters
Prerequisites
How to Create a UFS File System
Example--Creating a UFS File System
Where to Go From Here
Creating a Temporary File System (TMPFS)
How to Create a Temporary File System
Example--Creating a Temporary File System
How to Preserve a Temporary File System
Creating a Loopback File System (LOFS)
How to Create a Loopback File System
Example--Creating a Loopback File System
How to Preserve a Loopback File System
Chapter 28 Mounting and Unmounting File Systems (Tasks)
Mounting File Systems
Prerequisites
Verifying a Mounted File System
Commands Used to Mount and Unmount File Systems
General Mount Options
Field Descriptions of the /etc/vfstab File
How to See Which File Systems Are Mounted
Example--Seeing Which File Systems Are Mounted
How to Add an Entry in the /etc/vfstab File
Examples--Adding an Entry in the /etc/vfstab File
How to Mount Multiple File Systems Listed in the /etc/vfstab File
Examples--Mounting Multiple File Systems Listed in the /etc/vfstab File
How to Mount a File System Listed in the /etc/vfstab File
Example--Mounting a File System Listed in the /etc/vfstab File
How to Mount a UFS File System
Example--Mounting a UFS File System
How to Mount a File System With Large Files
How to Remount a File System Without Large Files
Example -- Mounting a File System Without Large Files
How to Mount an NFS File System
Example--Mounting an NFS File System
x86: How to Mount a System V (S5FS) File System
Example--Mounting an S5FS File System
x86: How to Mount a PCFS (DOS) File System From a Hard Disk
Examples--Mounting a PCFS (DOS) File System From a Hard Disk
Unmounting File Systems
Prerequisites
Verifying an Unmounted File System
How to Stop All Processes for a File System
Example--Stopping All Processes for a File System
How to Unmount a File System
Examples--Unmounting a File System
How to Unmount File Systems Listed in the /etc/vfstab File
Chapter 29 The Cache File System (Tasks)
How CacheFS Works
Setting Up a Cached File System Task Map
How to Create a Cache
Example--Creating a Cache
Specifying a File System to Be Mounted in the Cache
How to Specify a File System to Be Mounted in a Cache With mount
Examples--Specifying a File System to be Mounted in a Cache With mount
How to Mount a File System in a Cache by Editing the /etc/vfstab File
Example--Mounting a File System in a Cache by Editing the /etc/vfstab File
How to Mount a File System in a Cache With AutoFS
Example--Mounting a File System in a Cache With AutoFS
Maintaining a Cached File System Task Map
Maintaining the Cache
How to Modify File Systems in a Cache
Example--Modifying File Systems in a Cache
How to Display Information About Cached File Systems
Example--Displaying Information About Cached File Systems
How to Specify Consistency Checking on Demand
How to Delete a Cached File System
Examples--Deleting a Cached File System
How to Check the Integrity of Cached File Systems
Example--Checking the Integrity of Cached File Systems
Managing Your Cache File Systems With cachefspack
How to Pack Files in the Cache
Examples--Packing Files in the Cache
Packing Lists
How to Create a Packing List
Example--Creating a Packing List
How to Pack Files in the Cache as Specified in a Packing List
Example--Packing Files in the Cache as Specified in a Packing List
How to Specify Files in the Packing List to be Treated as Regular Expressions
Example--Specifying Files in the Packing List to be Treated as Regular Expressions
How to Pack Files From a Shared Directory
Example--Packing Files From a Shared Directory
Unpacking Files
How to Unpack Files or Packing Lists From the Cache
Examples--Unpacking Files or Packing Lists From the Cache
Displaying Packed Files Information
How to Display Packed Files Information
Example--Displaying Packed Files Information
Viewing Help on the cachefspack Command
cachefspack Errors
CacheFS Statistics
Prerequisites for Setting Up and Viewing the CacheFS Statistics
Setting Up CacheFS Statistics
CacheFS Logging
How to Set Up the Logging Process
Example--Setting Up the Logging Process
How to Locate the Log File
Examples--Locating the Log File
How to Stop the Logging Process
Example--Stopping the Logging Process
Viewing the Cache Size
How to View the Working Set (Cache) Size
Example--Viewing the Working Set (Cache) Size
Viewing the Statistics
How to View Cache Statistics
Example--Viewing Cache Statistics
The Cache Structure and Behavior
Consistency Checking of Cached File Systems With the Back File System
Consistency Checking on Demand
Chapter 30 Configuring Additional Swap Space (Tasks)
About Swap Space
Swap Space and Virtual Memory
Swap Space and the TMPFS File System
How Do I Know If I Need More Swap Space?
Swap-Related Error Messages
TMPFS-Related Error Messages
How Swap Space Is Allocated
The /etc/vfstab File
Planning for Swap Space
Monitoring Swap Resources
Adding More Swap Space
Creating a Swap File
The mkfile Command
How to Create a Swap File and Make It Available
Example--Creating a Swap File and Making It Available
Removing a Swap File From Use
How to Remove Extra Swap Space
Example--Removing Extra Swap Space
Chapter 31 Checking File System Integrity
Understanding How the File System State Is Recorded
What fsck Checks and Tries to Repair
Why Inconsistencies May Occur
The UFS Components That Are Checked for Consistency
Superblock
File System and Inode List Size
Free Blocks
Free Inodes
Inodes
Format and Type of Inodes
Link Count
Duplicate Blocks
Bad Block Numbers
Inode Size
Indirect Blocks
Data Blocks
Directory Unallocated
Bad Inode Number
Incorrect "." and ".." Entries
Disconnected Directories
Regular Data Blocks
Modifying Automatic Boot Checking
The /etc/vfstab File
How to Modify Automatic Checking Done During Booting
Interactively Checking and Repairing a UFS File System
How to See If a File System Needs Checking
Example--Seeing If a File System Needs Checking
How to Check File Systems Interactively
Example--Checking File Systems Interactively
Preening UFS File Systems
How to Preen a File System
Example--Preening a File System
Restoring a Bad Superblock
How to Restore a Bad Superblock
Example--Restoring a Bad Superblock
How to Fix a UFS File System fsck Cannot Repair
Syntax and Options for the fsck Command
Generic fsck Command Syntax, Options, and Arguments
Chapter 32 File System Reference
Default Directories for root (/) and /usr File Systems
The Platform-Dependent Directories
The Structure of UFS File System Cylinder Groups
The Boot Block
The Superblock
Inodes
Data Blocks
Free Blocks
Deciding on Custom File System Parameters
Logical Block Size
Fragment Size
Minimum Free Space
Rotational Delay (Gap)
Optimization Type
Number of Bytes per Inode
Commands for Creating a Customized File System
The newfs Command Syntax, Options, and Arguments
Examples--newfs Command Options and Arguments
The Generic mkfs Command
Part IX Backing Up and Restoring Data
Chapter 33 Backing Up and Restoring File Systems (Overview)
What's New in Backing Up and Restoring File Systems
Where to Find Backup and Restore Tasks
Definition: Backing Up and Restoring File Systems
Why You Should Back Up File Systems
Choosing a Tape Device
Planning Which File Systems to Back Up
Overview of the Backup and Restore Commands
Choosing the Type of Backup
Guidelines For Scheduling Backups
What Drives a Backup Schedule
How Often Should You Backup?
Using Dump Levels to Create Incremental Backups
Dump Levels For Daily, Cumulative Backups
Dump Levels For Daily, Discrete Backups
Sample Backup Schedules
Example--Daily Cumulative, Weekly Cumulative Backups
Example--Daily Cumulative, Weekly Incremental Backups
Tape Needs
Example--Daily Incremental, Weekly Cumulative Backups
Tape Needs
Example--Backup Schedule for a Server
Other Backup Scheduling Recommendations
Chapter 34 Backing Up Files and File Systems (Tasks)
Preparing to Do Backups
How to Find File System Names
Example--Finding File System Names
How to Determine the Number of Tapes for Full Backup
Example--Determining Number of Tapes
Doing Backups
How to Do Backups on Cartridge Tape
Example--Full Backup, root (/), Cartridge Tape
Example--Full Backup, /export/home, 4-mm DAT Tape
Example--Incremental Backup, root (/)
Example--Full Backup, Individual Home Directory
Example--Full Backup to Remote System (Solaris 2.x Data to Solaris 2.x System)
Example--Full Backup to Remote System (Solaris 2.x Data to Sun 4.1.x System)
Example--Full Backup to Remote System (SunOS 4.1.x Data to Solaris 2.x)
Chapter 35 Restoring Files and File Systems (Tasks)
Preparing to Restore Files and File Systems
Determining the Disk Device Name
Determining the Type of Tape Drive You Will Use
Determining the Tape Device Name
Restoring Complete File Systems
Restoring Individual Files and Directories
Using a Remote Drive to Restore Files
Restoring File Systems
How to Determine Which Tapes to Use
Example--Determining Which Tapes to Use
How to Restore Files Interactively
Example--Restoring Files Interactively
How to Restore Specific Files
Example--Restoring Specific Files
How to Use a Remote Drive to Restore Files
How to Restore a Complete File System
Example--Restoring a Complete File System
How to Restore the root (/) and /usr File Systems
Example--Restoring the root (/) File System on a SPARC System
Example--Restoring the root (/) File System on an x86 System
Chapter 36 The ufsdump and ufsrestore Commands (Reference)
How ufsdump Works
Determining Device Characteristics
Detecting the End of Media
Copying Data
The Role of the /etc/dumpdates File
Backup Device (dump-file) Argument
Local Tape or Diskette Drive
Remote Tape or Diskette Drive
Standard Output
Specifying Files to Back Up
End-of-Media Detection
Specifying Tape Characteristics
Limitations of the ufsdump Command
Options and Arguments for the ufsdump Command
Default Command Options
Options for the ufsdump Command
The ufsdump Command and Security Issues
Options and Arguments for the ufsrestore Command
Command Syntax
Options and Arguments
Commands for Interactive Restore
Chapter 37 Copying UFS Files and File Systems (Tasks)
Commands for Copying File Systems
Copying File Systems to Disk
Making a Literal File System Copy
How to Clone a Disk (dd)
Example--Cloning a Disk (dd)
Copying Directories Between File Systems using the cpio Command
How to Copy Directories Between File Systems (cpio)
Example--Copying Directories Between File Systems (cpio)
Copying Files and File Systems to Tape
Copying Files to Tape With tar
How to Copy Files to a Tape (tar)
Example--Copying Files to a Tape (tar)
How to List the Files on a Tape (tar)
Example--Listing the Files on a Tape (tar)
How to Retrieve Files From a Tape (tar)
Example--Retrieving the Files on a Tape (tar)
Copying Files to a Tape With pax
How to Copy Files to a Tape (pax)
Example--Copying Files to a Tape (pax)
How to Copy All Files in a Directory to a Tape (cpio)
Example--Copying All Files in a Directory to a Tape (cpio)
How to List the Files on a Tape (cpio)
Example--Listing the Files on a Tape (cpio)
How to Retrieve All Files From a Tape (cpio)
Example--Retrieving All Files From a Tape (cpio)
How to Retrieve Specific Files From a Tape (cpio)
Example--Retrieving Specified Files From a Tape (cpio)
How to Copy Files to a Remote Tape Drive (tar and dd)
Example--Copying Files to a Remote Tape Drive (tar and dd)
How to Extract Files From a Remote Tape Drive
Example--Extracting Files From a Remote Tape Drive
Copying Files and File Systems to Diskette
Things You Should Know When Copying Files to Diskettes
How to Copy Files to a Single Formatted Diskette (tar)
Example--Copying Files to a Single Formatted Diskette (tar)
How to List the Files on a Diskette (tar)
Example--Listing the Files on a Diskette (tar)
How to Retrieve Files From a Diskette (tar)
Examples--Retrieving Files From a Diskette (tar)
How to Archive Files to Multiple Diskettes
Copying Files With a Different Header Format
How to Create an Archive for Older SunOS Releases
Example--Creating an Archive for Older SunOS Releases
Retrieving Files Created With the bar Command
How to Retrieve bar Files From a Diskette
Chapter 38 Managing Tape Drives (Tasks)
Choosing Which Media to Use
Backup Device Names
Rack-Mounted Non-SCSI 1/2-Inch Reel Drives
SCSI 1/4-Inch Cartridge and 1/2-Inch Front-Loaded Reel Drives
Specifying the Default Density for a Tape Drive
Specifying Different Densities for a Tape Drive
Determining Tape Drive Types
How to Determine the Type of a Tape Drive
Example--Determining the Type of a Tape Drive
How to Show the Status of a Magnetic Tape Drive
Examples--Showing the Status of a Magnetic Tape Drive
Handling Magnetic Tape Cartridges
How to Retension a Magnetic Tape Cartridge
Example--How to Retension a Magnetic Tape Drive
How to Rewind a Magnetic Tape Cartridge
Example--Rewinding a Magnetic Tape Cartridge
Guidelines for Drive Maintenance and Media Handling
Part X Managing Printing Services
Chapter 39 Print Management (Overview)
What's New In Printing
Redesign of Print Packages
Print Protocol Adaptor
SunSoft Print Client
Enhanced Network Printer Support
Printing in the Solaris 2.6 Environment
Choosing a Method to Manage Printers
The LP Print Service
Managing Network Printers
Administering Printers
Setting Definitions for Printers
Administering Character Sets, Filters, Forms, and Fonts
Customizing the LP Print Service
Using the SunSoft Print Client Software
The SunSoft Print Client Process
SunSoft Print Clients
What Is a SunSoft Print Client?
How the SunSoft Print Client Commands Improve the Print Process
Printer Configuration Resources
How the SunSoft Print Client Software Locates Printers
Who Should Use a Name Service
SunSoft Print Servers
The BSD Printing Protocol
Where to Go From Here
Chapter 40 Planning Printers on Your Network (Overview)
Distributing Printers on the Network
Assigning Print Servers and Print Clients
Print Server Requirements and Recommendations
Spooling Space
Disk Space
Memory
Swap Space
Hard Disk
Planning for Printer Setup
Setting Definitions for Printers
Printer Name
Printer Description
Printer Port
Printer Type
Printer Names in the terminfo Database
Selecting a Printer Type
Selecting a File Content Type
Frequently Used Printers
Chapter 41 Setting Up Printers (Tasks)
Updating SunSoft Print Clients to Access Existing Printers
Updating SunSoft Print Clients With Printer Information
Converting Existing Printer Configuration Information
How to Convert Printer Information From a SunOS 5.x System
How to Convert Printer Information From a SunOS 4.x System
Setting Up Printing
Setting Up Printing Task Map
How to Start Admintool
Setting Up a Print Server
How to Add a Local Printer Using Admintool
Example--Completed Add Local Printer Window
How to Add a Local Printer Using LP Commands
Example--Adding a Local Printer Using LP Commands
Setting Up a Print Client
How to Add Printer Access on the Print Client Using Admintool
Example--Adding Printer Access on the Print Client
How to Add Access on the Print Client using LP Commands
Example--Adding Access on the Print Client using LP Commands
Adding Access to a Remote Printer Using a Name Service
How to Add Domain-Wide Access to a Printer using NIS
Example--Adding Domain-Wide Access to a Printer using NIS
How to Add Domain-Wide Access to a Printer using NIS+
Example--Adding Domain-Wide Access to a Printer using NIS+
Enabling Print Clients to Access Existing Printers
How to Use the /etc/printers.conf File to Load NIS
How to Use the /etc/printers.conf File to Load NIS+
Where to Go From Here
Setting Up a .printers File
(Optional) How to Set Up a .printers File
Adding a Network Printer
Printer Vendor Supplied Software for Network Printers
Sun Support for Network Printers
Invoking the Network Printer Support
Selecting the Protocol
Selecting the Printer Node Name
Selecting the Network Printer Access Name
Example 1--Network Printer Access Name with Port Designation (Number)
Example 2--Network Printer Access Name with Port Designation (Name)
Example 3--Network Printer Access Name with No Port Designation
Setting the Timeout Value
Managing Network Printer Access
How to Add a Network Printer Using Printer Vendor Supplied Tools
How To Add A Network Printer Using LP Commands
Example--Adding a Network Printer Using LP Commands
Chapter 42 Administering Printers (Tasks)
Managing Printers and the Print Scheduler
Deleting Printers and Printer Access
How to Delete a Printer and Remote Printer Access
Example--Deleting a Printer and Remote Printer Access
Checking Printer Status
How to Check the Status of Printers
Examples--Checking the Status of Printers
Restarting the Print Scheduler
How to Stop the Print Scheduler
How to Restart the Print Scheduler
Setting or Resetting Miscellaneous Printer Definitions
How to Add a Printer Description
Example--Adding a Printer Description
Setting Up a Default Printer Destination
How to Set a System's Default Printer
Example--Setting a System's Default Printer
Printing Banner Pages
How to Make Banner Pages Optional
Example--Making Banner Pages Optional
How to Turn Off Banner Pages
Setting Up Printer Classes
How to Define a Class of Printers
Example--Defining a Class of Printers
Setting Up Printer Fault Alerts
How to Set Fault Alerts for a Printer
Examples--Setting Fault Alerts for a Printer
Setting Up Printer Fault Recovery
How to Set Printer Fault Recovery
Example--Setting Printer Fault Recovery
Limiting User Access to a Printer
How to Limit User Access to a Printer
Examples--Limiting User Access to a Printer
Managing Print Requests
How to Check the Status of Print Requests
Examples--Checking the Status of Print Requests
Processing or Stopping Printing
How to Accept or Reject Print Requests for a Printer
Examples--Accepting or Rejecting Print Requests for a Printer
Accepting or Rejecting Print Requests
How to Enable or Disable a Printer
Examples--Enabling or Disabling a Printer
Canceling a Print Request
How to Cancel a Print Request
Examples--Canceling a Print Request
How to Cancel a Print Request From a Specific User
Examples--Canceling a Print Request From a Specific User
Moving a Print Request
How to Move Print Requests to Another Printer
Example--Moving Print Requests to Another Printer
Changing the Priority of Print Requests
How to Change the Priority of a Print Request
Example--Changing the Priority of a Print Request
Chapter 43 Managing Character Sets, Filters, Forms, and Fonts (Tasks)
Managing Character Sets
Selectable Character Sets
Hardware-Mounted Character Sets
Tracking Print Wheels
Alerts for Mounting Print Wheels or Cartridges
How to Define a Print Wheel or Font Cartridge
Example--Defining a Print Wheel
How to Unmount and Mount a Print Wheel or Font Cartridge
Example--Unmounting and Mounting a Print Wheel
How to Set an Alert to Mount a Print Wheel or Font Cartridge
Examples--Setting an Alert to Mount a Print Wheel or Font Cartridge
How to Set Up an Alias for a Selectable Character Set
Example--Setting Up an Alias for a Selectable Character Set
Managing Print Filters
Creating Print Filters
Adding, Changing, Removing, and Restoring Print Filters
How to Add a Print Filter
Example--Adding a Print Filter
How to Delete a Print Filter
Example--Deleting a Print Filter
How to View Information About a Print Filter
Examples--Viewing Information About a Print Filter
Managing Forms
Adding, Changing, or Deleting Forms
Mounting Forms
Tracking Forms
Defining Alerts for Mounting Forms
Checking Forms
Limiting Access to Forms
How to Add a Form
Example--Adding a Form
How to Delete a Form
Example--Deleting a Form
How to Unmount and Mount a Form
Examples--Unmounting and Mounting a Form
How to Set an Alert to Mount a Form
Examples--Setting an Alert to Mount a Form
How to View Information About a Form
Examples--Viewing Information About a Form
How to View the Current Status of a Form
Example--Viewing the Current Status of a Form
How to Limit User Access to a Form
Examples--Limiting User Access to a Form
How to Limit Printer Access to a Form
Examples--Limiting Printer Access to a Form
Managing Fonts
Managing Printer-Resident Fonts
Downloading Host-Resident Fonts
Installing and Maintaining Host-Resident Fonts
How to Install Downloaded PostScript Fonts
How to Install Host-Resident PostScript Fonts
Chapter 44 Customizing the LP Print Service (Tasks)
Adjusting Printer Port Characteristics
How to Adjust the Printer Port Characteristics
Examples--Adjusting the Printer Port Characteristics
Adding a terminfo Entry for an Unsupported Printer
How to Add a terminfo Entry for an Unsupported Printer
Customizing the Printer Interface Program
The Standard Printer Interface Program
Customizing stty Modes
Exit Codes
Fault Messages
Using a Customized Printer Interface Program
How to Set Up a Custom Printer Interface Program
Examples--Setting Up a Custom Printer Interface Program
Creating a New Print Filter
Writing a Print Filter Program
Types of Filters
Converting Files
Handling Special Printing Modes
Detecting Printer Faults
Requirements for a Print Filter Program
Creating a Print Filter Definition
Command
Input Types
Output Types
Printer Types
Printers
Filter Type
Options
Defining Print Filter Options With Templates
How to Create a New Print Filter
Examples--Creating a New Print Filter
Creating a New Printer Form
How to Create a New Form Definition
Chapter 45 LP Print Service Reference Information
The LP Print Service
The Structure of the LP Print Service
Directories
Configuration Files
The terminfo Database
Daemons and LP Internal Files
Log Files
Print Queue Logs
History Logs
Spooling Directories
LP Print Service Commands
Functions of the LP Print Service
How LP Administers Files and Schedules Local Print Requests
Scheduling Network Print Requests
Filtering Print Files
What the Printer Interface Program Does
How the lpsched Daemon Tracks the Status of Print Requests
Cleaning Out Log Files
How to Change Frequency of Printer Request Log Rotation
How Local Printing Works
How Remote Printing Works
Part XI Working With Remote Systems
Chapter 46 Working With Remote Systems (Tasks)
Logging In to a Remote System (rlogin)
Authentication for Remote Logins (rlogin)
The /etc/hosts.equiv File
Security Risks When Using the /etc/hosts.equiv File
The .rhosts File
Security Risks When Using the .rhosts File
Linking Remote Logins
Direct vs. Indirect Remote Logins
What Happens After You Log In Remotely
How to Search for and Remove .rhosts Files
Example--Searching For and Removing .rhosts Files
How to Find Out If a Remote System Is Operating
How to Find Who Is Logged In to a Remote System
Example--Finding Who Is Logged In to a Remote System
How to Log In to a Remote System (rlogin)
Example--Logging In to a Remote System (rlogin)
How to Log Out From a Remote System (exit)
Example--Logging Out From a Remote System (exit)
Logging In to a Remote System (ftp)
Authentication for Remote Logins (ftp)
Essential ftp Commands
How to Open an ftp Connection to a Remote System
Example--Opening an ftp Connection to a Remote System
How to Close an ftp Connection to a Remote System
How to Copy Files From a Remote System (ftp)
Examples--Copying Files From a Remote System (ftp)
How to Copy Files to a Remote System (ftp)
Examples--Copying Files to a Remote System (ftp)
Remote Copying With rcp
Security Considerations for Copy Operations
Specifying Source and Target
How to Copy Files Between a Local and a Remote System (rcp)
Examples--Copying Files Between a Local and a Remote System (rcp)
Part XII Managing Terminals and Modems
Chapter 47 Managing Terminals and Modems (Overview)
Terminals, Modems, Ports, and Services
Terminals
Modems
Ports
Services
Port Monitors
Tools for Managing Terminals and Modems
Admintool
Service Access Facility
Chapter 48 Setting Up Terminals and Modems (Tasks)
Setting Up Terminals and Modems
Setting Up Terminals
Setting Up Modems
How to Start Admintool
How to Set Up a Terminal
Example--Completed Modify Window to Set Up a Terminal
How to Set Up a Modem
Example--Completed Modify Window to Set Up a Modem
How to Set Up a Modem for Use With UUCP
Example--Completed Modify Window to Set Up a Modem for Use With UUCP
How to Initialize a Port
Example--Completed Modify Window to Initialize a Port
How to Disable a Port
Example--Completed Modify Window to Disable a Port
How to Remove a Port Service
TroubleshootingTerminal and Modem Problems
Chapter 49 Setting Up Terminals and Modems With the Service Access Facility (Tasks)
Using the Service Access Facility
Overall Administration: sacadm Command
Service Access Controller: SAC Program
SAC Initialization Process
Port Monitor Service Administrator: pmadm Command
A Port Monitor at Work: ttymon
Port Initialization Process
Bidirectional Service
Port Monitors: TTY Monitor and Network Listener
TTY Port Monitor: ttymon
ttymon and the Console Port
Special ttymon-Specific Administrative Command: ttyadm
Network Listener Service: listen
Special listen-Specific Administrative Command: nlsadmin
Administering ttymon Port Monitors
How to Add a ttymon Port Monitor
How to View ttymon Port Monitor Status
Example--Viewing ttymon Port Monitor Status
How to Stop a ttymon Port Monitor
How to Start a ttymon Port Monitor
How to Disable a ttymon Port Monitor
How to Enable a ttymon Port Monitor
How to Remove a ttymon Port Monitor
Administering ttymon Services
How to Add a Service
How to View the Status of a TTY Port Service
Listing One Service
Listing All Services of All Port Monitors
Listing All Services of a Port Monitor
Example--Viewing the Status of a TTY Port Monitor Service
How to Enable a Port Monitor Service
How to Disable a Port Monitor Service
Administering listen Port Monitors
How to Add a listen Port Monitor
How to View listen Port Monitor Status
How to Stop a listen Port Monitor
How to Start a listen Port Monitor
How to Enable a listen Port Monitor
How to Disable a listen Port Monitor
How to Remove a listen Port Monitor
Administering listen Port Monitor Services
How to Add a listen Port Monitor Service
How to List listen Port Monitor Services
How to Enable a listen Port Monitor Service
How to Disable a listen Port Monitor Service
Troubleshooting the Network Listener: listen Port Monitor
Reference Material for Service Access Facility Administration
Files Associated With SAF
The /etc/saf/_sactab File
The /etc/saf/pmtab/_pmtab File
Service States
Port Monitor States
Port States
Part XIII Managing System Security
Chapter 50 Managing System Security (Overview)
What's New in System Security
Pluggable Authentication Module (PAM)
Executable Stacks and Security
How to Disable Programs From Using Executable Stacks
How to Disable Executable Stack Message Logging
Where to Find System Security Tasks
Granting Access to a Computer System
Maintaining Physical Site Security
Maintaining Login and Access Control
Restricting Access to Data in Files
Maintaining Network Control
Monitoring System Usage
Setting the Correct Path
setuid Programs
Installing a Firewall
Reporting Security Problems
File Security
File Administration Commands
File Encryption
Access Control Lists (ACLs)
System Security
Login Access Restrictions
Special Logins
Managing Password Information
NIS+ Password File
NIS Password File
/etc Files
Using the Restricted Shell
Tracking Superuser (Root) Login
Monitoring Who is Becoming Superuser or Other Users
Network Security
Firewall Systems
Packet Smashing
Authentication and Authorization
Sharing Files
Restricting Superuser (Root) Access
Using Privileged Ports
Using Automated Security Enhancement Tool (ASET)
Chapter 51 Securing Files (Tasks)
Introducing File Security
User Classes
File Permissions
Directory Permissions
Default umask
File Types
Displaying File Information
How to Display File Information
Example--Displaying File Information
Changing File Ownership
How to Change the Owner of a File
Example--Changing the Owner of a File
How to Change Group Ownership of a File
Example--Changing Group Ownership of a File
Changing File Permissions
How to Change Permissions in Absolute Mode
Example--Changing Permissions in Absolute Mode
How to Change Permissions in Symbolic Mode
Examples--Changing Permissions in Symbolic Mode
Using Special File Permissions (setuid, setgid and Sticky Bit)
setuid Permission
setgid Permission
Sticky Bit
Setting and Searching for Special Permissions
How to Set Special Permissions in Absolute Mode
Examples--Setting Special Permissions in Absolute Mode
How to Find Files With setuid Permissions
Example--Finding Files With setuid Permissions
Using Access Control Lists (ACLs)
ACL Entries for Files
ACL Entries for Directories
How to Set ACL Entries on a File
Examples--Setting ACL Entries on a File
How to Check If a File Has an ACL
Example--Checking If a File Has an ACL
How to Add or Modify ACL Entries on a File
Examples--Adding or Modifying ACL Entries on a File
How to Delete ACL Entries From a File
Example--Deleting ACL Entries on a File
How to Display ACL Entries for a File
Examples--Displaying ACL Entries for a File
Chapter 52 Securing Systems (Tasks)
Displaying Security Information
How to Display a User's Login Status
Example--Displaying a User's Login Status
How to Display Users Without Passwords
Example--Displaying Users With No Passwords
Temporarily Disabling User Logins
Creating the /etc/nologin File
How to Temporarily Disable User Logins
Example--Disabling User Logins
Saving Failed Login Attempts
How to Save Failed Login Attempts
Password Protection Using Dial-Up Passwords
The /etc/d_passwd File
How to Create a Dial-Up Password
How to Temporarily Disable Dial-up Logins
Restricting Superuser (root) Access on the Console
How to Restrict Superuser (root) Login to the Console
Monitoring Who Is Using the su Command
How to Monitor Who Is Using the su Command
How to Display Superuser (root) Access Attempts to the Console
Chapter 53 Using Authentication Services (Tasks)
Overview of Secure RPC
NFS Services and Secure RPC
DES Encryption
Diffie-Hellman Authentication
Implementation of Diffie-Hellman Authentication
Generating the Public and Secret Keys
Running the keylogin Command
Generating the Conversation Key
First Contact with the Server
Decrypting the Conversation Key
Storing Information on the Server
Verifier Returned to the Client
Client Authenticates the Server
Additional Transactions
Kerberos Version 4
Implementation of Kerberos Authentication with NFS
Administering Diffie-Hellman Authentication
How to Restart the Keyserver
How to Set Up NIS+ Credentials for Diffie-Hellman Authentication
Example of Setting Up a New Key for root on a NIS+ Client
To set up a new key for an NIS+ user:
Example of Setting Up a New Key for an NIS+ User
How to Set Up NIS Credentials with Diffie-Hellman Authentication
Example of Setting Up an NIS+ Client to Use Diffie-Hellman Security
To create a new key for a user:
How to Share and Mount Files With Diffie-Hellman Authentication
Administering Kerberos Version 4 Authentication
How to Share and Mount Files With Kerberos Authentication
How to Acquire a Kerberos Ticket for Superuser on a Client
Example--Acquiring a Kerberos Ticket for Superuser on a Client
How to Log In to Kerberos Service
Example of Logging In to Kerberos Service
How to List Kerberos Tickets
Example of Listing Kerberos Tickets
How to Access a Directory With Kerberos Authentication
Example of Accessing a Directory With Kerberos Authentication
How to Destroy a Kerberos Ticket
Example of Destroying a Kerberos Ticket
Introduction to PAM
Benefits of Using PAM
Overview of PAM
PAM Module Types
Stacking Feature
Password-Mapping Feature
PAM Functionality
PAM Library
PAM Modules
PAM Configuration File
Configuration File Syntax
Valid Service Names
Control Flags
Generic pam.conf File
Configuring PAM
Planning for PAM
How to Add a PAM Module
Verification
How to Prevent Unauthorized Access from Remote Systems with PAM
How to Initiate PAM Error Reporting
Example--Initiating PAM Error Reporting
Chapter 54 Using Automated Security Enhancement Tool (Tasks)
Automated Security Enhancement Tool (ASET)
ASET Security Levels
ASET Tasks
System Files Permissions Verification
System Files Checks
User/Group Checks
System Configuration Files Check
Environment Check
eeprom Check
Firewall Setup
ASET Execution Log
Example of an Execution Log File
ASET Reports
Format of Report Files
Examining Report Files
Comparing Report Files
ASET Master Files
Tune Files
The uid_aliases File
The Checklist Files
ASET Environment File (asetenv)
Configuring ASET
Modifying the Environment File (asetenv)
Choose Which Tasks to Run: TASKS
Specify Directories for Checklist Task: CKLISTPATH
Schedule ASET Execution: PERIODIC_SCHEDULE
Specify an Aliases File: UID_ALIASES
Extend Checks to NIS+ Tables: YPCHECK
Modifying the Tune Files
Restoring System Files Modified by ASET
Network Operation Using the NFS System
Providing a Global Configuration for Each Security Level
Collecting ASET Reports
Environment Variables
ASETDIR Variable
ASETSECLEVEL Variable
PERIODIC_SCHEDULE Variable
TASKS Variable
UID_ALIASES Variable
YPCHECK Variable
CKLISTPATH_level Variable
ASET File Examples
Tune Files
Aliases File
Running ASET
How to Run ASET Interactively
Example--Running ASET Interactively
How to Run ASET Periodically
How to Stop Running ASET Periodically
How to Collect Reports on a Server
Troubleshooting ASET Problems
ASET Error Messages
Part XIV Managing System Resources
Chapter 55 Managing System Resources (Overview)
Where to Find System Resource Tasks
What Are Quotas
Executing Routine Tasks Automatically
Scheduling Repetitive Jobs: crontab
Scheduling a Single Job: at
What is System Accounting
Accounting Components
How Accounting Works
Chapter 56 Examining and Changing System Information (Tasks)
Using Commands to Display System Information
How to Display System and Software Release Information
Example--Displaying System and Software Release Information
How to Display General System Information (uname)
Example--Displaying General System Information
How to Display a System's Host ID Number
Example--Displaying a System's Host ID Number
How to Display a System's Installed Memory
Example--Displaying a System's Installed Memory
How to Display the Date and Time
Example--Displaying the Date and Time
Using Commands to Change System Information
How to Synchronize Date and Time From Another System
Example--Synchronizing Date and Time From Another System
How to Set a System's Date and Time Manually
Example--Setting a System's Date and Time Manually
How to Set Up a Message of the Day
Example--Setting Up a Message of the Day
How to Set the Number of Processes per User
Example--Setting the Number of Processes per User
How to Increase the Number of Pseudo-ttys
Example--Increasing the Number of Pseudo-ttys
How to Increase the Number of Lock Requests
Example--Increasing the Number of Lock Requests
How to Increase Shared Memory Segments
Example--Increasing Shared Memory Segments
Chapter 57 Managing Disk Use (Tasks)
Displaying Blocks and Files Used
How to Display Information About Blocks, Files, and Disk Space
Examples--Displaying Information About Blocks, Files, and Disk Space
Checking the Size of Files
How to Display the Size of Files
Examples--Displaying the Size of Files
How to Find Large Files
Example--Finding Large Files
How to Find Files That Exceed a Given Size Limit
Example--Finding Files That Exceed a Given Size Limit
Checking the Size of Directories
How to Display the Size of Directories, Subdirectories, and Files
Examples--Displaying the Size of Directories, Subdirectories, and Files
How to Display the User Allocation of Local UFS File System
Example--Displaying the User Allocation of Local UFS File Systems
Finding and Removing Old and Inactive Files
How to List the Newest Files
Example--Listing the Newest Files
How to Find and Remove Old or Inactive Files
Example--Finding and Removing Old or Inactive Files
How to Clear Out Temporary Directories
Example--Clearing Out Temporary Directories
How to Find and Delete core Files
Example--Finding and Deleting core Files
How to Delete Crash Dump Files
Example--Deleting Crash Dump Files
Chapter 58 Managing Quotas (Tasks)
Using Quotas
Soft Limits vs. Hard Limits
Difference Between Disk Block and File Limits
Setting Up Quotas
Guidelines for Setting Up Quotas
Setting Up Quotas Task Map
How to Configure File Systems for Quotas
Examples--Configuring File Systems for Quotas
How to Set Up Quotas for a User
Examples--Setting Up Quotas for a User
How to Set Up Quotas for Multiple Users
Example--Setting Up Prototype Quotas for Multiple Users
How to Check Quota Consistency
Example--Checking Quota Consistency
How to Turn Quotas On
Example--Turning Quotas On
Checking Quotas
How to Check for Exceeded Quotas
Example--Checking for Exceeded Quotas
How to Check Quotas on a File System
Example--Checking Quotas on a File System
Changing and Removing Quotas
How to Change the Soft Time Limit Default
Examples--Changing the Soft Time Limit Default
How to Change Quotas for a User
Examples--Changing Quotas for a User
How to Disable Quotas for a User
Examples--Disabling Quotas for a User
How to Turn Quotas Off
Example--Turning Quotas Off
Chapter 59 Scheduling System Events (Tasks)
Commands for Scheduling System Events
Scheduling a Repetitive System Event (cron)
Inside a crontab File
How the cron Daemon Handles Scheduling
Syntax of crontab File Entries
Creating and Editing crontab Files
How to Create or Edit a crontab File
Example--Creating or Editing a crontab File
How to Verify a crontab File
Displaying crontab Files
How to Display a crontab File
Example--Displaying a crontab File
Removing crontab Files
How to Remove a crontab File
Example--Removing a crontab File
Controlling Access to crontab
How to Deny crontab Access
How to Limit crontab Access to Specified Users
Examples--Limiting crontab Access to Specified Users
How to Verify Limited crontab Accesss
Scheduling a Single System Event (at)
at Command Description
at Command Security
How to Create an at Job
Examples--Creating an at Job
How to Display the at Queue
How to Verify an at Job
How to Display at Jobs
Example--Displaying at Jobs
How to Remove at Jobs
Example--Removing at Jobs
Controlling Access to at
How to Deny at Access
Example--Denying at Access
How to Verify at Access Is Denied
Chapter 60 Managing System Accounting (Tasks)
Setting Up System Accounting
How to Set Up System Accounting
Examples--Setting Up Accounting
Billing Users
How to Bill Users
Example--Billing Users
Maintaining Accounting Information
Fixing Corrupted Files and wtmp Errors
How to Fix a wtmp File
Fixing tacct Errors
How to Fix tacct Errors
Restarting runacct
How to Restart runacct
Stopping and Disabling System Accounting
How to Temporarily Stop System Accounting
How to Permanently Disable System Accounting
Chapter 61 System Accounting (Reference)
Daily Accounting
Connect Accounting
Process Accounting
Disk Accounting
Calculating User Fees
How Daily Accounting Works
What Happens if the System Shuts Down
Accounting Reports
Daily Accounting Reports
Daily Report
Daily Usage Report
Daily Command Summary
Monthly Command Summary
Last Login Report
Looking at the pacct File With acctcom
The runacct Program
Accounting Files
Files Produced by runacct
Part XV Managing System Performance
Chapter 62 System Performance (Overview)
What's New in System Performance
Scheduler Activation
The psrset Command
UFS Direct Input/Output (I/O)
How to Enable Forced Direct I/O on a UFS File System
Enhancements to the /proc File System and Watchpoints
Where to Find System Performance Tasks
System Performance and System Resources
Other Sources of Information
Processes and System Performance
Commands for Managing Processes
Process Scheduling Classes and Priority Levels
Disk I/O and System Performance
Memory and System Performance
Swap Space
Buffer Resources
Kernel Parameters and System Performance
About Monitoring Performance
Monitoring Tools
Chapter 63 Managing Processes (Tasks)
Displaying Information About Processes
The ps Command
How to List Processes
Example--Listing Processes
Displaying Information About Processes (/proc Tools)
How to Display Information About Processes
Examples--Displaying Information About Processes
Controlling Processes (/proc Tools)
How to Control Processes
Example--Controlling Processes
Killing a Process (kill)
How to Kill a Process
Managing Process Class Information
Changing the Scheduling Priority of Processes With priocntl
How to Display Basic Information About Process Classes
Example--Getting Basic Information About Process Classes
How to Display the Global Priority of a Process
Example--Displaying the Global Priority of a Process
How to Designate a Process Priority
Example--Designating a Priority
How to Change Scheduling Parameters of a Timeshare Process
Example--Changing Scheduling Parameters of a Timeshare Process
How to Change the Class of a Process
Example--Changing the Class of a Process
Changing the Priority of a Timesharing Process With nice
How to Change the Priority of a Process
Process Troubleshooting
Chapter 64 Monitoring Performance (Tasks)
Displaying Virtual Memory Statistics (vmstat)
How to Display Virtual Memory Statistics (vmstat)
Example--Displaying Virtual Memory Statistics
How to Display System Event Information
How to Display Swapping Statistics
How to Display Cache Flushing Statistics
How to Display Interrupts Per Device
Example--Displaying Interrupts Per Device
Displaying Disk Utilization Information
How to Display Disk Utilization Information
Example--Displaying Disk Utilization Information
How to Display Extended Disk Statistics
Displaying Disk Usage Statistics
How to Display File System Information
Example--Displaying File System Information
Monitoring System Activities (sar)
How to Check File Access (sar)
How to Check Buffer Activity (sar)
Example--Checking Buffer Activity
How to Check System Call Statistics (sar)
Example--Checking System Call Statistics
How to Check Disk Activity (sar)
Examples--Checking Disk Activity
How to Check Page-Out and Memory (sar)
Example--Checking Page-Out and Memory
How to Check Kernel Memory Allocation (sar)
Example--Checking Kernel Memory Allocation (sar)
How to Check Interprocess Communication (sar)
Example--Checking Interprocess Communication
How to Check Page-In Activity (sar)
Example--Checking Page-In Activity
How to Check Queue Activity (sar)
Example--Checking Queue Activity
How to Check Unused Memory (sar)
Example--Checking Unused Memory
How to Check CPU Utilization (sar)
Example--Checking CPU Utilization
How to Check System Table Status (sar)
Example--Checking System Table Status
How to Check Swap Activity (sar)
Example--Checking Swap Activity
How to Check Terminal Activity (sar)
Example--Checking Terminal Activity
How to Check Overall System Performance (sar)
Collecting System Activity Data Automatically (sar)
Running sadc When Booting
Running sadc Periodically With sa1
Producing Reports With sa2
Collecting System Activity Data (sar)
How to Set Up Automatic Data Collection
Chapter 65 Monitoring Network Performance (Tasks)
Monitoring Network Performance
How to Check the Response of Hosts on the Network
Examples--Checking the Response of Hosts on the Network
How to Send Packets to Hosts on the Network
Example--Sending Packets to Hosts on the Network
How to Capture Packets From the Network
How to Check the Network Status
Examples--Checking the Network Status
How to Display NFS Server and Client Statistics
Examples--Displaying NFS Server and Client Statistics
Chapter 66 Tuning Kernel Parameters (Tasks)
Listing the Kernel Parameters
How to Change the Value of a Kernel Parameter
Example--Changing the Value of a Kernel Parameter
How to Set the Value of a Kernel Module Variable
Example--Setting the Value of a Kernel Module Variable
Buffer Cache Parameters
UFS Parameters
STREAMS Parameters
Interprocess Communication (IPC) Parameters
How to Tune the Interprocess Communication Parameters
Memory Management Parameters
How to Tune Memory Management Parameters
Miscellaneous Parameters
How to Tune Miscellaneous Parameters
Example--Tuning Miscellaneous Parameters
Chapter 67 The Scheduler (Reference)
About the Scheduler
Scheduler Class Policies
Timesharing Class Policies
System Class Policies
Real-Time Class Policies
Scheduler Configuration
Default Global Priorities
How Global Priorities Are Constructed
Initial Global Priorities of Processes
Tunable Parameters
Process Scheduling Parameters
Timesharing Policy
Real-Time Policy
Scheduler Parameter Tables
Timesharing Parameter Table
Real-Time Parameter Table
Kernel-Mode Parameter Table
Part XVI Troubleshooting Solaris 2.6 Software Problems
Chapter 68 Troubleshooting Software Problems (Overview)
Where to Find Software Troubleshooting Tasks
Troubleshooting a System Crash
What To Do if The System Crashes
Gathering Troubleshooting Data
Troubleshooting a System Crash Checklist
Viewing System Messages
How to View System Messages
Example--Viewing System Messages
Customizing System Message Logging
How to Customize System Message Logging
Example--Customizing Message System Logging
Chapter 69 Generating and Saving System Crash Information
System Crashes
Crash Dump (or Core) Files
Saving Crash Dumps
Using Crash Dumps Task Map
Enabling and Disabling Crash Dumps
How to Create a Crash Dump Directory
Example--Creating a Directory to Save Crash Dump Files
How to Reserve Space for Crash Dump Files
Example--Reserving Space for Crash Dump Files
How to Enable Crash Dump Files
Example--Enabling Crash Dump Files
How to Examine a Crash Dump
Example--Examining a Crash Dump
How to Disable Crash Dump Files
Chapter 70 Troubleshooting Miscellaneous Software Problems
What to Do If Rebooting Fails
What to Do If a System Hangs
What to Do If a File System Fills Up
A File System Fills Up Because a Large File or Directory Was Created
The tmpfs File System Is Full Because the System Ran Out of Memory
What to Do If File ACLs Are Lost After Copy or Restore
Troubleshooting Backup Problems
The root (/) File System Fills Up After You Back Up a File System
Make Sure the Backup and Restore Commands Match
Check to Make Sure You Have the Right Current Directory
Use the Old restore Command to Restore Multivolume Diskette Backups
Interactive Commands
Chapter 71 Troubleshooting File Access Problems
Solving Problems With Search Paths (Command not found)
How to Diagnose and Correct Search Path Problems
Example--Diagnosing and Correcting Search Path Problems
Solving File Access Problems
Changing File Permissions
Changing File and Group Ownerships
How to Change File Permissions
Example--Changing File Permissions
How to Change File Ownership
Example--Changing File Ownership
How to Change Group Ownership
Example--Changing Group Ownership
Recognizing Problems With Network Access
Chapter 72 Troubleshooting Printing Problems
Tips on Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting Adding a Printer
Troubleshooting No Output (Nothing Prints)
Check the Hardware
Check the Network
Check the LP Print Service
Troubleshooting Incorrect Output
Check the Printer Type and File Content Type
Check the stty Settings
Wrong Baud Settings
Wrong Parity Setting
Wrong Tab Settings
Wrong Return Setting
Troubleshooting Hung LP Print Service Commands
Troubleshooting Idle (Hung) Printers
Check the Print Filters
Check Printer Faults
Check Network Problems
Print Requests Backed Up in the Local Queue
Print Requests Backed Up in the Remote Queue
Troubleshooting Conflicting Status Messages
Troubleshooting Printing Problems
How to Troubleshoot No Printer Output
To check the hardware:
To check the network:
To check the basic functions of the LP print service:
To check printing from a SunOS 5.x client to a SunOS 5.x print server:
To check printing from a SunOS 5.x client to a SunOS 4.1 print server:
To check printing from a SunOS 4.1 client to a SunOS 5.x print server:
How to Troubleshoot Incorrect Output
How to Unhang the LP Print Service
How to Troubleshoot an Idle (Hung) Printer
To check that the printer is ready to print:
To check for print filtering:
To resume printing after a printer fault:
To send print requests to a remote printer when they back up in the local queue:
To free print requests from a print client that back up in the print server queue:
How to Resolve Conflicting Printer Status Messages
Chapter 73 Troubleshooting File System Problems
Error Messages
General fsck Error Messages
Initialization Phase fsck Messages
Phase 1: Check Blocks and Sizes Messages
Phase 1B: Rescan for More DUPS Messages
Phase 2: Check Path Names Messages
Phase 3: Check Connectivity Messages
Phase 4: Check Reference Counts Messages
Phase 5: Check Cylinder Groups Messages
Cleanup Phase Messages
Chapter 74 Troubleshooting Software Administration Problems
Specific Software Administration Errors
General Software Administration Problems
Index
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