perlrun - how to execute the Perl interpreter
perl [ -sTtuUWX ] [ -hv ] [ -V[:configvar] ] [ -cw ] [ -d[t][:debugger] ] [ -D[number/list] ] [ -pna ] [ -Fpattern ] [ -l[octal] ] [ -0[octal/hexadecimal] ] [ -Idir ] [ -m[-]module ] [ -M[-]'module...' ] [ -f ] [ -C [number/list] ] [ -S ] [ -x[dir] ] [ -i[extension] ] [ [-e|-E] 'command' ] [ -- ] [ programfile ] [ argument ]...
Perl Programmers Reference Guide PERLRUN(1)
NAME
perlrun - how to execute the Perl interpreter
SYNOPSIS
perl [ -sTtuUWX ] [ -hv ] [ -V[:configvar] ]
[ -cw ] [ -d[t][:debugger] ] [ -D[number/list] ]
[ -pna ] [ -Fpattern ] [ -l[octal] ] [ -0[octal/hexadecimal] ]
[ -Idir ] [ -m[-]module ] [ -M[-]'module...' ] [ -f ]
[ -C [number/list] ] [ -S ] [ -x[dir] ]
[ -i[extension] ]
[ [-e|-E] 'command' ] [ -- ] [ programfile ] [ argument ]...
DESCRIPTION
The normal way to run a Perl program is by making it directly
executable, or else by passing the name of the source file as an
argument on the command line. (An interactive Perl environment is also
possible--see perldebug for details on how to do that.) Upon startup,
Perl looks for your program in one of the following places:
1. Specified line by line via -e or -E switches on the command line.
2. Contained in the file specified by the first filename on the
command line. (Note that systems supporting the #! notation invoke
interpreters this way. See "Location of Perl".)
3. Passed in implicitly via standard input. This works only if there
are no filename arguments--to pass arguments to a STDIN-read
program you must explicitly specify a "-" for the program name.
With methods 2 and 3, Perl starts parsing the input file from the
beginning, unless you've specified a -x switch, in which case it scans
for the first line starting with #! and containing the word "perl", and
starts there instead. This is useful for running a program embedded in
a larger message. (In this case you would indicate the end of the
program using the "__END__" token.)
The #! line is always examined for switches as the line is being
parsed. Thus, if you're on a machine that allows only one argument
with the #! line, or worse, doesn't even recognize the #! line, you
still can get consistent switch behavior regardless of how Perl was
invoked, even if -x was used to find the beginning of the program.
Because historically some operating systems silently chopped off kernel
interpretation of the #! line after 32 characters, some switches may be
passed in on the command line, and some may not; you could even get a
"-" without its letter, if you're not careful. You probably want to
make sure that all your switches fall either before or after that
32-character boundary. Most switches don't actually care if they're
processed redundantly, but getting a "-" instead of a complete switch
could cause Perl to try to execute standard input instead of your
program. And a partial -I switch could also cause odd results.
Some switches do care if they are processed twice, for instance
combinations of -l and -0. Either put all the switches after the
32-character boundary (if applicable), or replace the use of -0digits
by "BEGIN{ $/ = "\0digits"; }".
Parsing of the #! switches starts wherever "perl" is mentioned in the
line. The sequences "-*" and "- " are specifically ignored so that you
could, if you were so inclined, say
#!/bin/sh
#! -*-perl-*-
eval 'exec perl -x -wS $0 ${1+"$@"}'
if 0;
to let Perl see the -p switch.
A similar trick involves the env program, if you have it.
#!/usr/bin/env perl
The examples above use a relative path to the perl interpreter, getting
whatever version is first in the user's path. If you want a specific
version of Perl, say, perl5.005_57, you should place that directly in
the #! line's path.
If the #! line does not contain the word "perl", the program named
after the #! is executed instead of the Perl interpreter. This is
slightly bizarre, but it helps people on machines that don't do #!,
because they can tell a program that their SHELL is /usr/bin/perl, and
Perl will then dispatch the program to the correct interpreter for
them.
After locating your program, Perl compiles the entire program to an
internal form. If there are any compilation errors, execution of the
program is not attempted. (This is unlike the typical shell script,
which might run part-way through before finding a syntax error.)
If the program is syntactically correct, it is executed. If the
program runs off the end without hitting an exit() or die() operator,
an implicit exit(0) is provided to indicate successful completion.
#! and quoting on non-Unix systems
Unix's #! technique can be simulated on other systems:
OS/2
Put
extproc perl -S -your_switches
as the first line in "*.cmd" file (-S due to a bug in cmd.exe's
`extproc' handling).
MS-DOS
Create a batch file to run your program, and codify it in
"ALTERNATE_SHEBANG" (see the dosish.h file in the source
distribution for more information).
Win95/NT
The Win95/NT installation, when using the ActiveState installer for
Perl, will modify the Registry to associate the .pl extension with
the perl interpreter. If you install Perl by other means
(including building from the sources), you may have to modify the
Registry yourself. Note that this means you can no longer tell the
difference between an executable Perl program and a Perl library
file.
VMS Put
$ perl -mysw 'f$env("procedure")' 'p1' 'p2' 'p3' 'p4' 'p5' 'p6' 'p7' 'p8' !
$ exit++ + ++$status != 0 and $exit = $status = undef;
at the top of your program, where -mysw are any command line
switches you want to pass to Perl. You can now invoke the program
directly, by saying "perl program", or as a DCL procedure, by
saying @program (or implicitly via DCL$PATH by just using the name
of the program).
This incantation is a bit much to remember, but Perl will display
it for you if you say "perl "-V:startperl"".
Command-interpreters on non-Unix systems have rather different ideas on
quoting than Unix shells. You'll need to learn the special characters
in your command-interpreter ("*", "\" and """ are common) and how to
protect whitespace and these characters to run one-liners (see -e
below).
On some systems, you may have to change single-quotes to double ones,
which you must not do on Unix or Plan 9 systems. You might also have
to change a single % to a %%.
For example:
# Unix
perl -e 'print "Hello world\n"'
# MS-DOS, etc.
perl -e "print \"Hello world\n\""
# VMS
perl -e "print ""Hello world\n"""
The problem is that none of this is reliable: it depends on the command
and it is entirely possible neither works. If 4DOS were the command
shell, this would probably work better:
perl -e "print <Ctrl-x>"Hello world\n<Ctrl-x>""
CMD.EXE in Windows NT slipped a lot of standard Unix functionality in
when nobody was looking, but just try to find documentation for its
quoting rules.
There is no general solution to all of this. It's just a mess.
Location of Perl
It may seem obvious to say, but Perl is useful only when users can
easily find it. When possible, it's good for both /usr/bin/perl and
/usr/local/bin/perl to be symlinks to the actual binary. If that can't
be done, system administrators are strongly encouraged to put (symlinks
to) perl and its accompanying utilities into a directory typically
found along a user's PATH, or in some other obvious and convenient
place.
In this documentation, "#!/usr/bin/perl" on the first line of the
program will stand in for whatever method works on your system. You
are advised to use a specific path if you care about a specific
version.
#!/usr/local/bin/perl5.00554
or if you just want to be running at least version, place a statement
like this at the top of your program:
use 5.005_54;
Command Switches
As with all standard commands, a single-character switch may be
clustered with the following switch, if any.
#!/usr/bin/perl -spi.orig # same as -s -p -i.orig
Switches include:
-0[octal/hexadecimal]
specifies the input record separator ($/) as an octal or
hexadecimal number. If there are no digits, the null character is
the separator. Other switches may precede or follow the digits.
For example, if you have a version of find which can print
filenames terminated by the null character, you can say this:
find . -name '*.orig' -print0 | perl -n0e unlink
The special value 00 will cause Perl to slurp files in paragraph
mode. Any value 0400 or above will cause Perl to slurp files
whole, but by convention the value 0777 is the one normally used
for this purpose.
You can also specify the separator character using hexadecimal
notation: "-0xHHH...", where the "H" are valid hexadecimal digits.
Unlike the octal form, this one may be used to specify any Unicode
character, even those beyond 0xFF. (This means that you cannot
use the "-x" with a directory name that consists of hexadecimal
digits.)
-a turns on autosplit mode when used with a -n or -p. An implicit
split command to the @F array is done as the first thing inside
the implicit while loop produced by the -n or -p.
perl -ane 'print pop(@F), "\n";'
is equivalent to
while (<>) {
@F = split(' ');
print pop(@F), "\n";
}
An alternate delimiter may be specified using -F.
-C [number/list]
The "-C" flag controls some of the Perl Unicode features.
As of 5.8.1, the "-C" can be followed either by a number or a list
of option letters. The letters, their numeric values, and effects
are as follows; listing the letters is equal to summing the
numbers.
I 1 STDIN is assumed to be in UTF-8
O 2 STDOUT will be in UTF-8
E 4 STDERR will be in UTF-8
S 7 I + O + E
i 8 UTF-8 is the default PerlIO layer for input streams
o 16 UTF-8 is the default PerlIO layer for output streams
D 24 i + o
A 32 the @ARGV elements are expected to be strings encoded
in UTF-8
L 64 normally the "IOEioA" are unconditional,
the L makes them conditional on the locale environment
variables (the LC_ALL, LC_TYPE, and LANG, in the order
of decreasing precedence) -- if the variables indicate
UTF-8, then the selected "IOEioA" are in effect
a 256 Set ${^UTF8CACHE} to -1, to run the UTF-8 caching code in
debugging mode.
For example, "-COE" and "-C6" will both turn on UTF-8-ness on both
STDOUT and STDERR. Repeating letters is just redundant, not
cumulative nor toggling.
The "io" options mean that any subsequent open() (or similar I/O
operations) will have the ":utf8" PerlIO layer implicitly applied
to them, in other words, UTF-8 is expected from any input stream,
and UTF-8 is produced to any output stream. This is just the
default, with explicit layers in open() and with binmode() one can
manipulate streams as usual.
"-C" on its own (not followed by any number or option list), or
the empty string "" for the "PERL_UNICODE" environment variable,
has the same effect as "-CSDL". In other words, the standard I/O
handles and the default "open()" layer are UTF-8-fied but only if
the locale environment variables indicate a UTF-8 locale. This
behaviour follows the implicit (and problematic) UTF-8 behaviour
of Perl 5.8.0.
You can use "-C0" (or "0" for "PERL_UNICODE") to explicitly
disable all the above Unicode features.
The read-only magic variable "${^UNICODE}" reflects the numeric
value of this setting. This variable is set during Perl startup
and is thereafter read-only. If you want runtime effects, use the
three-arg open() (see "open" in perlfunc), the two-arg binmode()
(see "binmode" in perlfunc), and the "open" pragma (see open).
(In Perls earlier than 5.8.1 the "-C" switch was a Win32-only
switch that enabled the use of Unicode-aware "wide system call"
Win32 APIs. This feature was practically unused, however, and the
command line switch was therefore "recycled".)
Note: Since perl 5.10.1, if the -C option is used on the #! line,
it must be specified on the command line as well, since the
standard streams are already set up at this point in the execution
of the perl interpreter. You can also use binmode() to set the
encoding of an I/O stream.
-c causes Perl to check the syntax of the program and then exit
without executing it. Actually, it will execute "BEGIN",
"UNITCHECK", "CHECK", and "use" blocks, because these are
considered as occurring outside the execution of your program.
"INIT" and "END" blocks, however, will be skipped.
-d
-dt runs the program under the Perl debugger. See perldebug. If t is
specified, it indicates to the debugger that threads will be used
in the code being debugged.
-d:foo[=bar,baz]
-dt:foo[=bar,baz]
runs the program under the control of a debugging, profiling, or
tracing module installed as Devel::foo. E.g., -d:DProf executes
the program using the Devel::DProf profiler. As with the -M flag,
options may be passed to the Devel::foo package where they will be
received and interpreted by the Devel::foo::import routine. The
comma-separated list of options must follow a "=" character. If t
is specified, it indicates to the debugger that threads will be
used in the code being debugged. See perldebug.
-Dletters
-Dnumber
sets debugging flags. To watch how it executes your program, use
-Dtls. (This works only if debugging is compiled into your Perl.)
Another nice value is -Dx, which lists your compiled syntax tree.
And -Dr displays compiled regular expressions; the format of the
output is explained in perldebguts.
As an alternative, specify a number instead of list of letters
(e.g., -D14 is equivalent to -Dtls):
1 p Tokenizing and parsing (with v, displays parse stack)
2 s Stack snapshots (with v, displays all stacks)
4 l Context (loop) stack processing
8 t Trace execution
16 o Method and overloading resolution
32 c String/numeric conversions
64 P Print profiling info, source file input state
128 m Memory and SV allocation
256 f Format processing
512 r Regular expression parsing and execution
1024 x Syntax tree dump
2048 u Tainting checks
4096 U Unofficial, User hacking (reserved for private, unreleased use)
8192 H Hash dump -- usurps values()
16384 X Scratchpad allocation
32768 D Cleaning up
131072 T Tokenising
262144 R Include reference counts of dumped variables (eg when using -Ds)
524288 J Do not s,t,P-debug (Jump over) opcodes within package DB
1048576 v Verbose: use in conjunction with other flags
2097152 C Copy On Write
4194304 A Consistency checks on internal structures
8388608 q quiet - currently only suppresses the "EXECUTING" message
16777216 M trace smart match resolution
33554432 B dump suBroutine definitions, including special Blocks like BEGIN
All these flags require -DDEBUGGING when you compile the Perl
executable (but see Devel::Peek, re which may change this). See
the INSTALL file in the Perl source distribution for how to do
this. This flag is automatically set if you include -g option
when "Configure" asks you about optimizer/debugger flags.
If you're just trying to get a print out of each line of Perl code
as it executes, the way that "sh -x" provides for shell scripts,
you can't use Perl's -D switch. Instead do this
# If you have "env" utility
env PERLDB_OPTS="NonStop=1 AutoTrace=1 frame=2" perl -dS program
# Bourne shell syntax
$ PERLDB_OPTS="NonStop=1 AutoTrace=1 frame=2" perl -dS program
# csh syntax
% (setenv PERLDB_OPTS "NonStop=1 AutoTrace=1 frame=2"; perl -dS program)
See perldebug for details and variations.
-e commandline
may be used to enter one line of program. If -e is given, Perl
will not look for a filename in the argument list. Multiple -e
commands may be given to build up a multi-line script. Make sure
to use semicolons where you would in a normal program.
-E commandline
behaves just like -e, except that it implicitly enables all
optional features (in the main compilation unit). See feature.
-f Disable executing $Config{sitelib}/sitecustomize.pl at startup.
Perl can be built so that it by default will try to execute
$Config{sitelib}/sitecustomize.pl at startup (in a BEGIN block).
This is a hook that allows the sysadmin to customize how perl
behaves. It can for instance be used to add entries to the @INC
array to make perl find modules in non-standard locations.
Perl actually inserts the following code:
BEGIN {
do { local $!; -f "$Config{sitelib}/sitecustomize.pl"; }
&& do "$Config{sitelib}/sitecustomize.pl";
}
Since it is an actual "do" (not a "require"), sitecustomize.pl
doesn't need to return a true value. The code is run in package
"main", in its own lexical scope. However, if the script dies, $@
will not be set.
The value of $Config{sitelib} is also determined in C code and not
read from "Config.pm", which is not loaded.
The code is executed very early. For example, any changes made to
@INC will show up in the output of `perl -V`. Of course, "END"
blocks will be likewise executed very late.
To determine at runtime if this capability has been compiled in
your perl, you can check the value of $Config{usesitecustomize}.
-Fpattern
specifies the pattern to split on if -a is also in effect. The
pattern may be surrounded by "//", "", or '', otherwise it will be
put in single quotes. You can't use literal whitespace in the
pattern.
-h prints a summary of the options.
-i[extension]
specifies that files processed by the "<>" construct are to be
edited in-place. It does this by renaming the input file, opening
the output file by the original name, and selecting that output
file as the default for print() statements. The extension, if
supplied, is used to modify the name of the old file to make a
backup copy, following these rules:
If no extension is supplied, no backup is made and the current
file is overwritten.
If the extension doesn't contain a "*", then it is appended to the
end of the current filename as a suffix. If the extension does
contain one or more "*" characters, then each "*" is replaced with
the current filename. In Perl terms, you could think of this as:
($backup = $extension) =~ s/\*/$file_name/g;
This allows you to add a prefix to the backup file, instead of (or
in addition to) a suffix:
$ perl -pi'orig_*' -e 's/bar/baz/' fileA # backup to 'orig_fileA'
Or even to place backup copies of the original files into another
directory (provided the directory already exists):
$ perl -pi'old/*.orig' -e 's/bar/baz/' fileA # backup to 'old/fileA.orig'
These sets of one-liners are equivalent:
$ perl -pi -e 's/bar/baz/' fileA # overwrite current file
$ perl -pi'*' -e 's/bar/baz/' fileA # overwrite current file
$ perl -pi'.orig' -e 's/bar/baz/' fileA # backup to 'fileA.orig'
$ perl -pi'*.orig' -e 's/bar/baz/' fileA # backup to 'fileA.orig'
From the shell, saying
$ perl -p -i.orig -e "s/foo/bar/; ... "
is the same as using the program:
#!/usr/bin/perl -pi.orig
s/foo/bar/;
which is equivalent to
#!/usr/bin/perl
$extension = '.orig';
LINE: while (<>) {
if ($ARGV ne $oldargv) {
if ($extension !~ /\*/) {
$backup = $ARGV . $extension;
}
else {
($backup = $extension) =~ s/\*/$ARGV/g;
}
rename($ARGV, $backup);
open(ARGVOUT, ">$ARGV");
select(ARGVOUT);
$oldargv = $ARGV;
}
s/foo/bar/;
}
continue {
print; # this prints to original filename
}
select(STDOUT);
except that the -i form doesn't need to compare $ARGV to $oldargv
to know when the filename has changed. It does, however, use
ARGVOUT for the selected filehandle. Note that STDOUT is restored
as the default output filehandle after the loop.
As shown above, Perl creates the backup file whether or not any
output is actually changed. So this is just a fancy way to copy
files:
$ perl -p -i'/some/file/path/*' -e 1 file1 file2 file3...
or
$ perl -p -i'.orig' -e 1 file1 file2 file3...
You can use "eof" without parentheses to locate the end of each
input file, in case you want to append to each file, or reset line
numbering (see example in "eof" in perlfunc).
If, for a given file, Perl is unable to create the backup file as
specified in the extension then it will skip that file and
continue on with the next one (if it exists).
For a discussion of issues surrounding file permissions and -i,
see "Why does Perl let me delete read-only files? Why does -i
clobber protected files? Isn't this a bug in Perl?" in perlfaq5.
You cannot use -i to create directories or to strip extensions
from files.
Perl does not expand "~" in filenames, which is good, since some
folks use it for their backup files:
$ perl -pi~ -e 's/foo/bar/' file1 file2 file3...
Note that because -i renames or deletes the original file before
creating a new file of the same name, Unix-style soft and hard
links will not be preserved.
Finally, the -i switch does not impede execution when no files are
given on the command line. In this case, no backup is made (the
original file cannot, of course, be determined) and processing
proceeds from STDIN to STDOUT as might be expected.
-Idirectory
Directories specified by -I are prepended to the search path for
modules (@INC).
-l[octnum]
enables automatic line-ending processing. It has two separate
effects. First, it automatically chomps $/ (the input record
separator) when used with -n or -p. Second, it assigns "$\" (the
output record separator) to have the value of octnum so that any
print statements will have that separator added back on. If
octnum is omitted, sets "$\" to the current value of $/. For
instance, to trim lines to 80 columns:
perl -lpe 'substr($_, 80) = ""'
Note that the assignment "$\ = $/" is done when the switch is
processed, so the input record separator can be different than the
output record separator if the -l switch is followed by a -0
switch:
gnufind / -print0 | perl -ln0e 'print "found $_" if -p'
This sets "$\" to newline and then sets $/ to the null character.
-m[-]module
-M[-]module
-M[-]'module ...'
-[mM][-]module=arg[,arg]...
-mmodule executes "use" module "();" before executing your
program.
-Mmodule executes "use" module ";" before executing your program.
You can use quotes to add extra code after the module name, e.g.,
'-Mmodule qw(foo bar)'.
If the first character after the -M or -m is a dash ("-") then the
'use' is replaced with 'no'.
A little builtin syntactic sugar means you can also say
-mmodule=foo,bar or -Mmodule=foo,bar as a shortcut for '-Mmodule
qw(foo bar)'. This avoids the need to use quotes when importing
symbols. The actual code generated by -Mmodule=foo,bar is "use
module split(/,/,q{foo,bar})". Note that the "=" form removes the
distinction between -m and -M.
A consequence of this is that -MFoo=number never does a version
check (unless "Foo::import()" itself is set up to do a version
check, which could happen for example if Foo inherits from
Exporter.)
-n causes Perl to assume the following loop around your program,
which makes it iterate over filename arguments somewhat like sed
-n or awk:
LINE:
while (<>) {
... # your program goes here
}
Note that the lines are not printed by default. See -p to have
lines printed. If a file named by an argument cannot be opened
for some reason, Perl warns you about it and moves on to the next
file.
Also note that "<>" passes command line arguments to "open" in
perlfunc, which doesn't necessarily interpret them as file names.
See perlop for possible security implications.
Here is an efficient way to delete all files that haven't been
modified for at least a week:
find . -mtime +7 -print | perl -nle unlink
This is faster than using the -exec switch of find because you
don't have to start a process on every filename found. It does
suffer from the bug of mishandling newlines in pathnames, which
you can fix if you follow the example under -0.
"BEGIN" and "END" blocks may be used to capture control before or
after the implicit program loop, just as in awk.
-p causes Perl to assume the following loop around your program,
which makes it iterate over filename arguments somewhat like sed:
LINE:
while (<>) {
... # your program goes here
} continue {
print or die "-p destination: $!\n";
}
If a file named by an argument cannot be opened for some reason,
Perl warns you about it, and moves on to the next file. Note that
the lines are printed automatically. An error occurring during
printing is treated as fatal. To suppress printing use the -n
switch. A -p overrides a -n switch.
"BEGIN" and "END" blocks may be used to capture control before or
after the implicit loop, just as in awk.
-s enables rudimentary switch parsing for switches on the command
line after the program name but before any filename arguments (or
before an argument of --). Any switch found there is removed from
@ARGV and sets the corresponding variable in the Perl program.
The following program prints "1" if the program is invoked with a
-xyz switch, and "abc" if it is invoked with -xyz=abc.
#!/usr/bin/perl -s
if ($xyz) { print "$xyz\n" }
Do note that a switch like --help creates the variable ${-help},
which is not compliant with "strict refs". Also, when using this
option on a script with warnings enabled you may get a lot of
spurious "used only once" warnings.
-S makes Perl use the PATH environment variable to search for the
program (unless the name of the program contains directory
separators).
On some platforms, this also makes Perl append suffixes to the
filename while searching for it. For example, on Win32 platforms,
the ".bat" and ".cmd" suffixes are appended if a lookup for the
original name fails, and if the name does not already end in one
of those suffixes. If your Perl was compiled with DEBUGGING
turned on, using the -Dp switch to Perl shows how the search
progresses.
Typically this is used to emulate #! startup on platforms that
don't support #!. Its also convenient when debugging a script
that uses #!, and is thus normally found by the shell's $PATH
search mechanism.
This example works on many platforms that have a shell compatible
with Bourne shell:
#!/usr/bin/perl
eval 'exec /usr/bin/perl -wS $0 ${1+"$@"}'
if $running_under_some_shell;
The system ignores the first line and feeds the program to
/bin/sh, which proceeds to try to execute the Perl program as a
shell script. The shell executes the second line as a normal
shell command, and thus starts up the Perl interpreter. On some
systems $0 doesn't always contain the full pathname, so the -S
tells Perl to search for the program if necessary. After Perl
locates the program, it parses the lines and ignores them because
the variable $running_under_some_shell is never true. If the
program will be interpreted by csh, you will need to replace
"${1+"$@"}" with $*, even though that doesn't understand embedded
spaces (and such) in the argument list. To start up sh rather
than csh, some systems may have to replace the #! line with a line
containing just a colon, which will be politely ignored by Perl.
Other systems can't control that, and need a totally devious
construct that will work under any of csh, sh, or Perl, such as
the following:
eval '(exit $?0)' && eval 'exec perl -wS $0 ${1+"$@"}'
& eval 'exec /usr/bin/perl -wS $0 $argv:q'
if $running_under_some_shell;
If the filename supplied contains directory separators (i.e., is
an absolute or relative pathname), and if that file is not found,
platforms that append file extensions will do so and try to look
for the file with those extensions added, one by one.
On DOS-like platforms, if the program does not contain directory
separators, it will first be searched for in the current directory
before being searched for on the PATH. On Unix platforms, the
program will be searched for strictly on the PATH.
-t Like -T, but taint checks will issue warnings rather than fatal
errors. These warnings can be controlled normally with "no
warnings qw(taint)".
NOTE: this is not a substitute for -T. This is meant only to be
used as a temporary development aid while securing legacy code:
for real production code and for new secure code written from
scratch always use the real -T.
-T forces "taint" checks to be turned on so you can test them.
Ordinarily these checks are done only when running setuid or
setgid. It's a good idea to turn them on explicitly for programs
that run on behalf of someone else whom you might not necessarily
trust, such as CGI programs or any internet servers you might
write in Perl. See perlsec for details. For security reasons,
this option must be seen by Perl quite early; usually this means
it must appear early on the command line or in the #! line for
systems which support that construct.
-u This obsolete switch causes Perl to dump core after compiling your
program. You can then in theory take this core dump and turn it
into an executable file by using the undump program (not
supplied). This speeds startup at the expense of some disk space
(which you can minimize by stripping the executable). (Still, a
"hello world" executable comes out to about 200K on my machine.)
If you want to execute a portion of your program before dumping,
use the dump() operator instead. Note: availability of undump is
platform specific and may not be available for a specific port of
Perl.
-U allows Perl to do unsafe operations. Currently the only "unsafe"
operations are attempting to unlink directories while running as
superuser, and running setuid programs with fatal taint checks
turned into warnings. Note that the -w switch (or the $^W
variable) must be used along with this option to actually generate
the taint-check warnings.
-v prints the version and patchlevel of your perl executable.
-V prints summary of the major perl configuration values and the
current values of @INC.
-V:configvar
Prints to STDOUT the value of the named configuration variable(s),
with multiples when your configvar argument looks like a regex
(has non-letters). For example:
$ perl -V:libc
libc='/lib/libc-2.2.4.so';
$ perl -V:lib.
libs='-lnsl -lgdbm -ldb -ldl -lm -lcrypt -lutil -lc';
libc='/lib/libc-2.2.4.so';
$ perl -V:lib.*
libpth='/usr/local/lib /lib /usr/lib';
libs='-lnsl -lgdbm -ldb -ldl -lm -lcrypt -lutil -lc';
lib_ext='.a';
libc='/lib/libc-2.2.4.so';
libperl='libperl.a';
....
Additionally, extra colons can be used to control formatting. A
trailing colon suppresses the linefeed and terminator ';',
allowing you to embed queries into shell commands. (mnemonic:
PATH separator ':'.)
$ echo "compression-vars: " `perl -V:z.*: ` " are here !"
compression-vars: zcat='' zip='zip' are here !
A leading colon removes the 'name=' part of the response, this
allows you to map to the name you need. (mnemonic: empty label)
$ echo "goodvfork="`./perl -Ilib -V::usevfork`
goodvfork=false;
Leading and trailing colons can be used together if you need
positional parameter values without the names. Note that in the
case below, the PERL_API params are returned in alphabetical
order.
$ echo building_on `perl -V::osname: -V::PERL_API_.*:` now
building_on 'linux' '5' '1' '9' now
-w prints warnings about dubious constructs, such as variable names
that are mentioned only once and scalar variables that are used
before being set, redefined subroutines, references to undefined
filehandles or filehandles opened read-only that you are
attempting to write on, values used as a number that don't look
like numbers, using an array as though it were a scalar, if your
subroutines recurse more than 100 deep, and innumerable other
things.
This switch really just enables the internal $^W variable. You
can disable or promote into fatal errors specific warnings using
"__WARN__" hooks, as described in perlvar and "warn" in perlfunc.
See also perldiag and perltrap. A new, fine-grained warning
facility is also available if you want to manipulate entire
classes of warnings; see warnings or perllexwarn.
-W Enables all warnings regardless of "no warnings" or $^W. See
perllexwarn.
-X Disables all warnings regardless of "use warnings" or $^W. See
perllexwarn.
-x
-xdirectory
tells Perl that the program is embedded in a larger chunk of
unrelated ASCII text, such as in a mail message. Leading garbage
will be discarded until the first line that starts with #! and
contains the string "perl". Any meaningful switches on that line
will be applied.
All references to line numbers by the program (warnings, errors,
...) will treat the #! line as the first line. Thus a warning on
the 2nd line of the program (which is on the 100th line in the
file) will be reported as line 2, and not as line 100. This can
be overridden by using the #line directive. (See
"Plain-Old-Comments-(Not!)" in perlsyn)
If a directory name is specified, Perl will switch to that
directory before running the program. The -x switch controls only
the disposal of leading garbage. The program must be terminated
with "__END__" if there is trailing garbage to be ignored (the
program can process any or all of the trailing garbage via the
DATA filehandle if desired).
The directory, if specified, must appear immediately following the
-x with no intervening whitespace.
ENVIRONMENT
HOME Used if chdir has no argument.
LOGDIR Used if chdir has no argument and HOME is not set.
PATH Used in executing subprocesses, and in finding the program
if -S is used.
PERL5LIB A list of directories in which to look for Perl library
files before looking in the standard library and the
current directory. Any architecture-specific directories
under the specified locations are automatically included if
they exist (this lookup being done at interpreter startup
time.)
If PERL5LIB is not defined, PERLLIB is used. Directories
are separated (like in PATH) by a colon on Unixish
platforms and by a semicolon on Windows (the proper path
separator being given by the command "perl -V:path_sep").
When running taint checks (either because the program was
running setuid or setgid, or the -T or -t switch was
specified), neither variable is used. The program should
instead say:
use lib "/my/directory";
PERL5OPT Command-line options (switches). Switches in this variable
are taken as if they were on every Perl command line. Only
the -[CDIMUdmtwW] switches are allowed. When running taint
checks (because the program was running setuid or setgid,
or the -T switch was used), this variable is ignored. If
PERL5OPT begins with -T, tainting will be enabled, and any
subsequent options ignored.
PERLIO A space (or colon) separated list of PerlIO layers. If perl
is built to use PerlIO system for IO (the default) these
layers effect perl's IO.
It is conventional to start layer names with a colon e.g.
":perlio" to emphasise their similarity to variable
"attributes". But the code that parses layer specification
strings (which is also used to decode the PERLIO
environment variable) treats the colon as a separator.
An unset or empty PERLIO is equivalent to the default set
of layers for your platform, for example ":unix:perlio" on
Unix-like systems and ":unix:crlf" on Windows and other
DOS-like systems.
The list becomes the default for all perl's IO.
Consequently only built-in layers can appear in this list,
as external layers (such as :encoding()) need IO in order
to load them!. See "open pragma" for how to add external
encodings as defaults.
The layers that it makes sense to include in the PERLIO
environment variable are briefly summarised below. For more
details see PerlIO.
:bytes A pseudolayer that turns off the ":utf8" flag for
the layer below. Unlikely to be useful on its own
in the global PERLIO environment variable. You
perhaps were thinking of ":crlf:bytes" or
":perlio:bytes".
:crlf A layer which does CRLF to "\n" translation
distinguishing "text" and "binary" files in the
manner of MS-DOS and similar operating systems.
(It currently does not mimic MS-DOS as far as
treating of Control-Z as being an end-of-file
marker.)
:mmap A layer which implements "reading" of files by
using "mmap()" to make (whole) file appear in the
process's address space, and then using that as
PerlIO's "buffer".
:perlio This is a re-implementation of "stdio-like"
buffering written as a PerlIO "layer". As such it
will call whatever layer is below it for its
operations (typically ":unix").
:pop An experimental pseudolayer that removes the
topmost layer. Use with the same care as is
reserved for nitroglycerin.
:raw A pseudolayer that manipulates other layers.
Applying the ":raw" layer is equivalent to calling
"binmode($fh)". It makes the stream pass each byte
as-is without any translation. In particular CRLF
translation, and/or :utf8 intuited from locale are
disabled.
Unlike in the earlier versions of Perl ":raw" is
not just the inverse of ":crlf" - other layers
which would affect the binary nature of the stream
are also removed or disabled.
:stdio This layer provides PerlIO interface by wrapping
system's ANSI C "stdio" library calls. The layer
provides both buffering and IO. Note that ":stdio"
layer does not do CRLF translation even if that is
platforms normal behaviour. You will need a ":crlf"
layer above it to do that.
:unix Low level layer which calls "read", "write" and
"lseek" etc.
:utf8 A pseudolayer that turns on a flag on the layer
below to tell perl that output should be in utf8
and that input should be regarded as already in
valid utf8 form. It does not check for validity and
as such should be handled with caution for input.
Generally ":encoding(utf8)" is the best option when
reading UTF-8 encoded data.
:win32 On Win32 platforms this experimental layer uses
native "handle" IO rather than unix-like numeric
file descriptor layer. Known to be buggy in this
release.
On all platforms the default set of layers should give
acceptable results.
For Unix platforms that will equivalent of "unix perlio" or
"stdio". Configure is setup to prefer "stdio"
implementation if system's library provides for fast access
to the buffer, otherwise it uses the "unix perlio"
implementation.
On Win32 the default in this release is "unix crlf".
Win32's "stdio" has a number of bugs/mis-features for perl
IO which are somewhat C compiler vendor/version dependent.
Using our own "crlf" layer as the buffer avoids those
issues and makes things more uniform. The "crlf" layer
provides CRLF to/from "\n" conversion as well as buffering.
This release uses "unix" as the bottom layer on Win32 and
so still uses C compiler's numeric file descriptor
routines. There is an experimental native "win32" layer
which is expected to be enhanced and should eventually be
the default under Win32.
The PERLIO environment variable is completely ignored when
perl is run in taint mode.
PERLIO_DEBUG
If set to the name of a file or device then certain
operations of PerlIO sub-system will be logged to that file
(opened as append). Typical uses are Unix:
PERLIO_DEBUG=/dev/tty perl script ...
and Win32 approximate equivalent:
set PERLIO_DEBUG=CON
perl script ...
This functionality is disabled for setuid scripts and for
scripts run with -T.
PERLLIB A list of directories in which to look for Perl library
files before looking in the standard library and the
current directory. If PERL5LIB is defined, PERLLIB is not
used.
The PERLLIB environment variable is completely ignored when
perl is run in taint mode.
PERL5DB The command used to load the debugger code. The default
is:
BEGIN { require 'perl5db.pl' }
The PERL5DB environment variable only used when perl is
started with a bare -d switch.
PERL5DB_THREADED
If set to a true value, indicates to the debugger that the
code being debugged uses threads.
PERL5SHELL (specific to the Win32 port)
May be set to an alternative shell that perl must use
internally for executing "backtick" commands or system().
Default is "cmd.exe /x/d/c" on WindowsNT and "command.com
/c" on Windows95. The value is considered to be space-
separated. Precede any character that needs to be
protected (like a space or backslash) with a backslash.
Note that Perl doesn't use COMSPEC for this purpose because
COMSPEC has a high degree of variability among users,
leading to portability concerns. Besides, perl can use a
shell that may not be fit for interactive use, and setting
COMSPEC to such a shell may interfere with the proper
functioning of other programs (which usually look in
COMSPEC to find a shell fit for interactive use).
Before Perl 5.10.0 and 5.8.8, PERL5SHELL was not taint
checked when running external commands. It is recommended
that you explicitly set (or delete) $ENV{PERL5SHELL} when
running in taint mode under Windows.
PERL_ALLOW_NON_IFS_LSP (specific to the Win32 port)
Set to 1 to allow the use of non-IFS compatible LSP's.
Perl normally searches for an IFS-compatible LSP because
this is required for its emulation of Windows sockets as
real filehandles. However, this may cause problems if you
have a firewall such as McAfee Guardian which requires all
applications to use its LSP which is not IFS-compatible,
because clearly Perl will normally avoid using such an LSP.
Setting this environment variable to 1 means that Perl will
simply use the first suitable LSP enumerated in the
catalog, which keeps McAfee Guardian happy (and in that
particular case Perl still works too because McAfee
Guardian's LSP actually plays some other games which allow
applications requiring IFS compatibility to work).
PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS
Relevant only if perl is compiled with the malloc included
with the perl distribution (that is, if "perl
-V:d_mymalloc" is 'define'). If set, this causes memory
statistics to be dumped after execution. If set to an
integer greater than one, also causes memory statistics to
be dumped after compilation.
PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL
Relevant only if your perl executable was built with
-DDEBUGGING, this controls the behavior of global
destruction of objects and other references. See
"PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL" in perlhack for more information.
PERL_DL_NONLAZY
Set to one to have perl resolve all undefined symbols when
it loads a dynamic library. The default behaviour is to
resolve symbols when they are used. Setting this variable
is useful during testing of extensions as it ensures that
you get an error on misspelled function names even if the
test suite doesn't call it.
PERL_ENCODING
If using the "encoding" pragma without an explicit encoding
name, the PERL_ENCODING environment variable is consulted
for an encoding name.
PERL_HASH_SEED
(Since Perl 5.8.1.) Used to randomise perl's internal hash
function. To emulate the pre-5.8.1 behaviour, set to an
integer (zero means exactly the same order as 5.8.0).
"Pre-5.8.1" means, among other things, that hash keys will
always have the same ordering between different runs of
perl.
Most hashes return elements in the same order as Perl 5.8.0
by default. On a hash by hash basis, if pathological data
is detected during a hash key insertion, then that hash
will switch to an alternative random hash seed.
The default behaviour is to randomise unless the
PERL_HASH_SEED is set. If perl has been compiled with
"-DUSE_HASH_SEED_EXPLICIT", the default behaviour is not to
randomise unless the PERL_HASH_SEED is set.
If PERL_HASH_SEED is unset or set to a non-numeric string,
perl uses the pseudorandom seed supplied by the operating
system and libraries.
Please note that the hash seed is sensitive information.
Hashes are randomized to protect against local and remote
attacks against Perl code. By manually setting a seed this
protection may be partially or completely lost.
See "Algorithmic Complexity Attacks" in perlsec and
"PERL_HASH_SEED_DEBUG" for more information.
PERL_HASH_SEED_DEBUG
(Since Perl 5.8.1.) Set to one to display (to STDERR) the
value of the hash seed at the beginning of execution.
This, combined with "PERL_HASH_SEED" is intended to aid in
debugging nondeterministic behavior caused by hash
randomization.
Note that the hash seed is sensitive information: by
knowing it one can craft a denial-of-service attack against
Perl code, even remotely, see "Algorithmic Complexity
Attacks" in perlsec for more information. Do not disclose
the hash seed to people who don't need to know it. See
also hash_seed() of Hash::Util.
PERL_MEM_LOG
If your perl was configured with
"-Accflags=-DPERL_MEM_LOG", setting the environment
variable "PERL_MEM_LOG" enables logging debug messages. The
value has the form "<number>[m][s][t]", where "number" is
the filedescriptor number you want to write to (2 is
default), and the combination of letters specifies that you
want information about (m)emory and/or (s)v, optionally
with (t)imestamps. For example "PERL_MEM_LOG=1mst" will log
all information to stdout. You can write to other opened
filedescriptors too, in a variety of ways;
bash$ 3>foo3 PERL_MEM_LOG=3m perl ...
PERL_ROOT (specific to the VMS port)
A translation concealed rooted logical name that contains
perl and the logical device for the @INC path on VMS only.
Other logical names that affect perl on VMS include
PERLSHR, PERL_ENV_TABLES, and SYS$TIMEZONE_DIFFERENTIAL but
are optional and discussed further in perlvms and in
README.vms in the Perl source distribution.
PERL_SIGNALS
In Perls 5.8.1 and later. If set to "unsafe" the
pre-Perl-5.8.0 signals behaviour (immediate but unsafe) is
restored. If set to "safe" the safe (or deferred) signals
are used. See "Deferred Signals (Safe Signals)" in
perlipc.
PERL_UNICODE
Equivalent to the -C command-line switch. Note that this
is not a boolean variable. Setting this to "1" is not the
right way to "enable Unicode" (whatever that would mean).
You can use "0" to "disable Unicode", though (or
alternatively unset PERL_UNICODE in your shell before
starting Perl). See the description of the "-C" switch for
more information.
SYS$LOGIN (specific to the VMS port)
Used if chdir has no argument and HOME and LOGDIR are not
set.
Perl also has environment variables that control how Perl handles data
specific to particular natural languages. See perllocale.
Apart from these, Perl uses no other environment variables, except to
make them available to the program being executed, and to child
processes. However, programs running setuid would do well to execute
the following lines before doing anything else, just to keep people
honest:
$ENV{PATH} = '/bin:/usr/bin'; # or whatever you need
$ENV{SHELL} = '/bin/sh' if exists $ENV{SHELL};
delete @ENV{qw(IFS CDPATH ENV BASH_ENV)};
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:
+---------------+------------------+
|ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
+---------------+------------------+
|Availability | runtime/perl-512 |
+---------------+------------------+
|Stability | Uncommitted |
+---------------+------------------+
NOTES
This software was built from source available at
https://java.net/projects/solaris-userland. The original community
source was downloaded from
http://www.cpan.org/src/5.0/perl-5.12.5.tar.bz2
Further information about this software can be found on the open source
community website at http://www.perl.org/.
perl v5.12.5 2012-11-03 PERLRUN(1)